英国文学史启蒙运动英文版

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1、TheEnlightenmentSummaryObjectivesHowdidscientificprogresspromotetrustinhumanreason?Howdidthesocialcontractandseparationofpowersaffectviewsongovernment?Howdidnewideasaffectsocietyandtheeconomy?IdentifythephilosophiesofmajorEnlightenmentthinkerssuchas:JohnLocke,BarondeMontesquieu,AdamSmith.Scien

2、tificRevolutionLeadstoEnlightenment1500-1700:EuropeanscientistsusingreasontodiscoverlawsofnatureVerysuccessful:Planetarymovements,chemistry,vaccineforsmallpox,etc.Early1700’s:Ifpeopleusedreasontofindlawsthatgovernedthephysicalworld,whynotusereasontodiscovernaturallaws?Lawsthatgovernhumannature

3、ReformersbeginstudyinghumannatureandsocietalproblemsMajorEnlightenmentIdeasEverysocial,politicalandeconomicproblemcouldbesolvedthroughtheuseofreasonGovernmentsarecreatedtosecureanorderlysocietySeparationofpowersisthebestwaytoprotecthumanlibertiesAllmenarecreated“freeandequal”Afreemarketshouldb

4、eallowedtoregulatetradeEnlightenmentThinkersJohnLockeBarondeMontesquieuVoltaireSocialContractThomasHobbesJohnLockeHumansarenaturallycruel,greedyandselfish.Toescapethis“brutish”lifepeopleenteredintoasocialcontract.Onlyapowerfulgovernmentcouldensureanorderlysociety.Believedonlyanabsolutemonarchy

5、couldkeepasocietycompletelyorderly.Humansarenaturallyreasonable,moralandgoodHumanshavenaturalrights:lifelibertyandpropertyPeopleformgovernmentstoprotectnaturalrightsBestgovernmentwasonewithlimitedpowerIfagovernmentviolatespeople’snaturalrights,peoplehavetherighttooverthrowgovernmentSeparationo

6、fPowersBarondeMontesquieu:CriticizedabsolutemonarchyandadmiredBritishgovernmentBritishprotectedthemselvesfromtyrannybydividingpowersofgovernmentbetweenthreebranches:legislative,executiveandjudicial(misconception)Eachbranchofgovernmentshouldbeableto‘check’theothertwoWhatgovernmentdoesthissoundl

7、ike?EnlightenmentandtheEconomyPhysiocratsrejectedmercantilisminfavorofapolicycalledlaissezfaire.PhysiocratswereEnlightenmentthinkerswhofocusedoneconomicreformsLaissez-Faire:allowingbusinesstooperatewithlittleornogovernmentinterferenceRe