现代语言学的二稿

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1、1.Explainthefollowingdefinitionoflinguistics:Linguisticsisthescientificstudyoflanguage.Linguisticsinvestigatesnotanyparticularlanguage,butlanguagesingeneral.Linguisticstudyisscientificbecauseitisbasedonthesystematicinvestigationofauthentic(可靠的，真实的)languagedata.Noseriouslinguisticconclusionisr

2、eacheduntilafterthelinguisthasdonethefollowingthreethings:observingthewaylanguageisactuallyused,formulatingsomehypotheses,andtestingthesehypothesesagainstlinguisticfactstoprovetheirvalidity.2.Whatarethebranchesoflinguistics?Whatdoeseachofthemstudy?(语言学的主要分支是什么。每个分支的研究对象是什么？)Linguisticsmainlyi

3、nvolvesthefollowingbranches:1)Generallinguistics,whichisthestudyoflanguageasawholeandwhichdealswiththebasicconcepts,theories,descriptions,modelsandmethodsapplicableinanylinguisticstudy2)Phonetics,whichstudiesthesoundsthatareusedinlinguisticcommunication3)Phonology,whichstudieshowsoundsareputt

4、ogetherandusedtoconveymeaningincommunication4)Morphology,whichstudiesthewayinwhichmorphemesarearrangedtoformwords5)Syntax,whichstudieshowmorphemesandwordsarecombinedtoformsentences6)Semantics,whichisthestudyofmeaninginlanguage.7)Pragmatics,whichisthestudyofmeaningnotinisolation,butintheconte

5、xtofuse8)Sociolinguistics,whichisthestudyoflanguagewithreferencetosociety9)Psycholinguistics,whichisthestudyoflanguagewithreferencetotheworkingsofmind.10)Appliedlinguistics,whichisconcernedabouttheapplicationoflinguisticfindingsinlinguisticstudies;inanarrowsense,appliedlinguisticsreferstothe

6、applicationoflinguisticprinciplesandtheoriestolanguageteaching,especiallytheteachingofforeignandsecondlanguages.11)Otherrelatedbranchesareanthropologicallinguistics(人类语言学),neurologicallinguistics（神经语言学）,mathematicallinguistics（数学语言学）,andcomputationallinguistics（计算机语言学）.3.Whatmakesmodernlingui

7、sticsdifferentfromtraditionalgrammar?(现代语言学与传统语法有什么区别？)Traditionalgrammarisprescriptive（规定性）;itisbasedon"high"(religious,literary)writtenlanguage.Itsetsmodelsforlanguageuserstofollow.ButModernlinguisticsisdescriptive（描述性）;itsinvestigationsare