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1、英译汉教程2ContrastiveStudiesofEnglishandChinese2.3Englishvs.Chinese:TenPairsofFeatures2.3.1Syntheticvs.Analytic（综合语与分析语）Asyntheticlanguageischaracterizedbyfrequentandsystematicuseofinflectedformstoexpressgrammaticalrelationships.Ananalyticlanguageismarkedbyarelativelyfrequentuseoffunction
2、words,auxiliaryverbs,andchangesinwordordertoexpresssyntacticrelations,ratherthanofinflectedforms.ModernEnglishhasbecomeanalyticbutstillfrequentlyusessomehereditaryinflectionsfromOldEnglish（asyntheticlanguage）.Itisthereforeasynthetic-analyticlanguage（综合-分析语）.Chineseisatypicalanalyticla
3、nguage（分析语）.Whenthewordsofalanguageareinflectiveinform,theyaresaidtobeassociativeinqualityandthereforesyntheticinconstruction.Ontheotherhand,wordsnotinflectiveinformareconsideredasisolatinginqualityandthereforeanalyticinconstruction.Inflection（变化词形），wordorder（安排词序）andtheuseoffunctionw
4、ords（运用虚词）areemployedasthethreegrammaticaldevicesinbuildingEnglishsentences.2.3.1.1Inflectionalvs.Non-inflectionalInEnglish,nouns,pronouns,andverbsareinflected（theendings-er,-est,denotingdegreesofcomparison,arebetterregardedasnon-inflectionalsuffixes）.Suchgrammaticalmeaningsaspartsofs
5、peech,gender,number,case,person,tense,aspect,voice,mood,andnon-finiteverbs,canbeexpressedbytheuseofinflectedformswithorwithoutthehelpoffunctionwordsandwordorder,whereasinChinesethisisgenerallynottrue:theabovegrammaticalmeaningsaremostlyimpliedincontextsorbetweenthelines,thoughoftenwit
6、hthehelpofwordorderandfunction（orother）words,e.g.1.Hemovedastonishinglyfast.Hemovedwithastonishingrapidity.Hismovementswereastonishinglyrapid.Hisrapidmovementsastonishedus.Hismovementsastonishedusbytheirrapidity.Therapidityofhismovementswasastonishing.Therapiditywithwhichhemovedastoni
7、shedus.Heastonishedusbymovingrapidly.Heastonishedusbyhisrapidmovements.Heastonishedusbytherapidityofhismovements.（Jespersen1924）他的行动，快得惊人。他行动的速度快得令人惊讶。他行动速度之快，令人惊讶。他的快速行动使我们感到惊讶。我们对他的快速行动感到惊讶。2.Theytoldmethatbytheendoftheyeartheywouldhavebeenworkingtogetherforthirtyyears.他们告诉我，到（那年）年底
8、，他们在一
