solid waste management and disposal固体废物管理和处置

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1、SolidWasteManagementandDisposalOutlineWasteDisposalMethodsLandfills,Incineration,CompostingSourceReduction源头削减RecyclingProblemsandConcernsRegulatinghazardousmaterialsHazardousvs.ToxicSettingRegulationsAssociatedHealthRisksEPA’sManagementStrategyMunicipalSolidWa

2、steInmodernsociety,manyproductsarediscardedwhentheyarebrokenorwornout,whileothersonlyhaveatemporaryuse.Thosethathaveonlytemporaryusesmakeupthemajorityofsolidwaste.Lackofdumping堆放spacehasbecomeaproblemformanylargemetropolitan大都市areas.Why?PopulationincreaseConveni

3、encelifestyleCommunitiesareincreasinglyconcernedaboutwastedisposalcosts,andgroundwater(landfill)andairqualityhazards(burning).DisposableDecadesInthemid1950’sadisposable用后即弃lifestylewasmarketedasthewaveofthefuture,andasawaytoreducehouseholdduties.Consumerismbegan

4、inearnestfollowingWWII.Conveniencewassoldtoprosperouspost-warconsumers.“Convenience”wasquicklychangedtonecessity.NatureoftheProblemGarbage=MunicipalSolidWasteUSproduces220millionmetrictonsofmunicipalwasteperyear,2kg/p.d.USvolumehasdoubledsince1960.MunicipalSolid

5、WasteGenerationRatesCHNproduces108millionmetrictonsin1996,0.3kg/p.d,0.8-2.0kg/p.dincities.CHNvolumeincreased8-10%peryearrecently,willdoublein7years.MDCshaveahigherstandardofliving,andthusproducemorewaste.WasteGenerationandLifestyleWasteGenerationandLifestyleWast

6、eDisposalMethodsTraditionalMethods(dumpingandburning)arenolongeraccepted.Essentially,fourtechniquesareused:LandfillsIncinerationCompostingRecyclingFig.18.7Compositionoftrash(U.S.CHN)MethodsofWasteDisposalLandfillsLandfillinghastraditionallybeentheprimarymethodof

7、wastedisposal-cheapandconvenient.Traditional-AsimpleholeinthegroundtodumpgarbageGroundwatercontaminationModernlandfillshavecompleximpermeablebottomlayerstotrapcontaminants,anddailydepositsarecoveredbylayerofdirt.Methanegasandgroundwaterdetectionsystems.Gasrecove

8、ryandleachatecollectionandtreatmentsystems.(biochemicalprocessorreverseosmosismembrane)Modernlandfillscost$1million/ha.ModernlandfillsCurrently,almost57%ofUSmunicipal