Municipal Solid Waste Characteristics and Management.pdf

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Thisarticlewasdownloadedby:[DTULibrary]On:12December2012,At:03:24Publisher:Taylor&FrancisInformaLtdRegisteredinEnglandandWalesRegisteredNumber:1072954Registeredoffice:MortimerHouse,37-41MortimerStreet,LondonW1T3JH,UKJournaloftheAir&WasteManagementAssociationPublicationdetails,includinginstructionsforauthorsandsubscriptioninformation:http://www.tandfonline.com/loi/uawm20MunicipalSolidWasteCharacteristicsandManagementinChinaaaHongtaoWang&YongfengNieaDepartmentofEnvironmentalScienceandEngineering,TsinghuaUniversity,Beijing,ChinaVersionofrecordfirstpublished:27Dec2011.Tocitethisarticle:HongtaoWang&YongfengNie(2001):MunicipalSolidWasteCharacteristicsandManagementinChina,JournaloftheAir&WasteManagementAssociation,51:2,250-263Tolinktothisarticle:http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10473289.2001.10464266PLEASESCROLLDOWNFORARTICLEFulltermsandconditionsofuse:http://www.tandfonline.com/page/terms-and-conditionsThisarticlemaybeusedforresearch,teaching,andprivatestudypurposes.Anysubstantialorsystematicreproduction,redistribution,reselling,loan,sub-licensing,systematicsupply,ordistributioninanyformtoanyoneisexpresslyforbidden.Thepublisherdoesnotgiveanywarrantyexpressorimpliedormakeanyrepresentationthatthecontentswillbecompleteoraccurateoruptodate.Theaccuracyofanyinstructions,formulae,anddrugdosesshouldbeindependentlyverifiedwithprimarysources.Thepublishershallnotbeliableforanyloss,actions,claims,proceedings,demand,orcostsordamageswhatsoeverorhowsoevercausedarisingdirectlyorindirectlyinconnectionwithorarisingoutoftheuseofthismaterial. WangandNieTECHNICALPAPERISSN1047-3289J.Air&WasteManage.Assoc.51:250-263Copyright2001Air&WasteManagementAssociationMunicipalSolidWasteCharacteristicsandManagementinChinaHongtaoWangandYongfengNieDepartmentofEnvironmentalScienceandEngineering,TsinghuaUniversity,Beijing,ChinaABSTRACTquality,MSWcollection,transferandtransport,treat-Thepurposeofthisinvestigationistoevaluatethecur-mentanddisposal,materialrecovery,legislation,enforce-rentstatusandidentifytheproblemsofmunicipalsolidment,andadministration.waste(MSW)managementinChinainordertodeter-mineappropriateremedialstrategies.ThisisthefirstofINTRODUCTIONtwopapers,discussingprimarilythegeneralcharacteris-ChinahasenjoyedrapideconomicdevelopmentsinceitticsofMSWanditsmanagementinChina.Thesecondstartedreformandanopen-to-the-outside-worldpolicypaperfocusesonspecificremedialstrategies.MSWgen-in1978.UrbanizationinChinaisoccurringrapidly,anderationinChinahasincreasedrapidlyinthepast20thelivingstandardsareimprovingsteadily.Oneoftheyearsfrom31.3milliontonsin1980to113.0millionnegativeresultsofthis,however,isthatmoremunicipaltonsin1998.Theannualrateofincreaseis3–10%.Thesolidwaste(MSW)isgenerated,whichcausesheavyenvi-averagegenerationpercapitais1.0kg/day(0.38t/year).ronmentalpollution.MSWmanagementhasbecomeaNearlyone-halfofthewastegeneratedisdumpedinthekeyissueinenvironmentalprotectionandurbanconstruc-suburbs,wheretheaccumulatedquantityhasreachedtioninChinaandhasraisedvastpublicconcern.1Itis6billiontons,whichhascausedheavyenvironmentalalsooneofthekeyfieldsforinternationalcooperationpollution.ThispaperprovidesinformationonMSWandinvestment.TheChinesegovernmentinvested60managementinChina,suchasMSWgenerationanditsbillionyuanRMB(U.S.$7.2billion,U.S.$1=8.3yuanphysical,chemical,andbiologicalproperties.Lowcalo-RMB)inenvironmentalinfrastructureconstructioninrificvalueandhighmoisturecontentcharacterize1998,whichisthegreatestinvestmentChinahaseverChina’smunicipalwaste.OtherissuesrelatedtoMSWmadeinenvironmentalprojects.MoreinvestmentismanagementinChinaarealsodiscussed,includingtheplannedforthenextfewyears.1,2factorsthatinfluenceMSWgenerationquantityandInaccordancewiththegrowthofgovernmentalin-Downloadedby[DTULibrary]at03:2412December2012vestment,industrialsectorsarebecomingmoreinter-estedinMSWmanagementprojects.3ThisprovidesaIMPLICATIONSgreatopportunityfortheimprovementofChina’scur-WiththerapideconomicdevelopmentinChina,solidrentMSWmanagementsystem.However,beforeany-wastepollutionisbecomingmoreseriousandhasraisedvastpublicconcern.Thispaperdiscussesprimarilythethingcanbedone,thecurrentsituationinMSWcharacteristicsofMSWandthewastemanagementsys-managementandtheproblemsfacedmustbeunder-temsinChina.TheActofPreventionandControlofSolidstood.SupportedbytheProjectoftheMunicipalSolidWastePollutiontotheEnvironment,People’sRepublicofWasteManagement,whichisfundedbytheStateEnvi-China,whichwasenactedin1995,institutedthatsourceronmentalProtectionAdministration(SEPA)ofChina,minimization,recycling,andtreatment/disposalinanen-aseriesofinvestigationshasbeencarriedout.ThemapvironmentallysoundmannerisaprimaryprincipleofMSWmanagementinChina.Toimplementthelaw,theman-inFigure1showsthedistributionofindividualprov-agementsystemsrequiresignificantimprovement.Be-incesandcitiesconsideredinthisstudy.Thepurposeofforeanythingcanbedone,wemustunderstandclearlythisinvestigationistoevaluatethecurrentstatusandwhatthecurrentsituationisinMSWmanagementandidentifytheproblemsofMSWmanagementinChinainwhatsortsofproblemswehavetofacesothatwecanordertodevelopappropriateremedialstrategies.Aspartdecidewhattodoandhowtodoit.Resultsofthisinves-tigationprovidebackgroundinformationfortheimprove-oftheprojectresults,thispaperdiscussesthegeneralmentofMSWmanagementinChina.characteristicsofMSWandtheMSWmanagementsys-temsinChina.250JournaloftheAir&WasteManagementAssociationVolume51February2001 WangandNieFigure1.MapofChinashowingthedistributionofindividualprovincesandcitiesconsideredinthisinvestigation.GENERATIONOFMUNICIPALSOLIDWASTEimprovementoflivingstandards.Forinstance,in1986,MSWgenerationinChinaincreasedrapidlyinthepasttheaverageMSWgenerationpercapitawas1.0kg/day,20yearsfrom31.3milliontonsin1980to113.0millionbutin1998,ithadincreasedto1.42kg/day(seethethirdtonsin1998,asshowninFigure2andinTables1and2.rowinTable3).Itshouldbenotedthattheactualpopu-Theannualincreaserateis8–10%from1985to1995andlationinthecitiesislargerthantheofficialstatistics,as3–5%after1995.1–3TheaverageMSWgenerationpercapitamanypeopleliveinthecityandproducewastebutareis1.0kg/day,whichisclosetothatindevelopedcoun-notregisteredascitizens.Downloadedby[DTULibrary]at03:2412December2012tries.4–6NotethatMSWgenerationshowninFigure2ex-ChinahasenjoyedrapideconomicdevelopmentincludestheamountofmaterialsrecoveredfromMSWbythepast20years.Thegrossdomesticproduct(GDP)in-individualcollectorsbeforecollection,whichisestimatedcreasedfrom896billionyuanin1985to7940billiontoaccountfor8–10%ofthetotalMSW.yuanin1998.Withtheimprovementoflivingstandards,ManyfactorsplaysignificantrolesinMSWgenera-thequantityofMSWgenerationhasincreased,asshowntion,includingurbanpopulation,economicdevelop-inFigure4.From1985to1991,thequantityofMSWgen-ment,rateofconsumption,geographiclocation,anderatedshowedasharpincreasealongwiththeGDPadministrativesystems.Amongthese,urbanpopulationgrowth.After1991,however,whentheGDPreachedtheandeconomicconditionsarethetwomostimportantlevelof2162billionyuan,theincreaserateofMSWgen-factorscontributingtothequantityofMSW.Chinahaserationslowed.Thistrendissimilartothatexperiencedexperiencedrapidurbanizationinthepast20years.Asainindustrializedcountries.result,thenumberofmunicipalitiesclassifiedascitiesRegressionanalysisofMSWgenerationwithurbanhasincreasedfrom353in1986to668in1998,andthepopulationandeconomicdevelopmentconditionsex-urbanpopulationhasincreasedfrom94.5millioninpressedbytheGDPyieldsthefollowingregressionequa-1980to207.4millionin1996,makingup17%ofthetion(r2=0.9858):country’stotalpopulation.1,3TherelationshipbetweenurbanpopulationandMSWgenerationisshowninFig-G=0.225286P+MSWUrbanure3.Wastegenerationgenerallyincreaseswiththe0.049732E+2640.2355(1)GDPVolume51February2001JournaloftheAir&WasteManagementAssociation251 WangandNie1980198119821983198419851986198719881989199019911992199319941995199619971998Figure2.DistributionofMSWandurbanpopulationinChina,1980–1998.whereGistheamountofMSWgeneratedin104for38–73%,paperandcardboardfor2–12%,plasticsMSWt/year,Pistheurbanpopulationin104capita,andfor2–14%,textilesfor1–6%,andwoodfor0.5–13%.UrbanEistheGDPin108yuan.Inorganiccomponentsmakeup5–39%ofthewasteGDPEquation1canbeusedtopredictthequantityofMSW,wheredirt,ash,andsoonaccountfor0.2–36%,glassasshowninTable4,wheretheGDPisassumedtoincreasefor0.8–4%,metalfor0.2–1.7%,andothersfor0–15%.by7%(the1999growthrate)andthepopulationdataisThelowercalorificvalueis1800–6400kJ/kg(average:adoptedfromtheChinaEnergyStrategy2000–2050.7It4695kJ/kg);thespecificweightis220–450kg/m3(av-canbeseenfromthistablethattherewillbe136millionerage:353kg/m3),andthemoisturecontentis45–70%tonsofMSWin2000and177milliontonsin2005.(average:55.38%).WastecharacteristicsinmainlandChinadifferfromthoseintheHongKongSpecialAd-PROPERTIESOFMUNICIPALSOLIDWASTEministrativeRegion,9whererecyclablematerialsaccountThedatashowthatamongmajorcitiesinChina,MSWformorethan50%ofthetotalwastewiththeaveragehasthefollowingproperties2,8(seeTables5and6).Thelowercalorificvalueof6179kJ/kg.Table7showstheorganiccomponentsonawetweightbasismakeup61–typicaldataontheultimateanalysisofthedegradable95%ofthemunicipalwastewherefoodwasteaccountsmaterialsfoundinMSWinChina.TypicaldataontheTable1.AnnualMSWgenerationinindividualprovinces,1995.4444ProvinceAmount×10tProvinceAmount×10tProvinceAmount×10tProvinceAmount×10taChina10,671Jilin594Hubei667Shan’xi160bDownloadedby[DTULibrary]at03:2412December2012Beijing440Heilongjiang991Hunan249Gansu180bTianjin180Jiangsu398Guangdong846Qinghai131bShanghai372Zhejiang490Guangxi165Ningxia57bChongqing95Anhui215Hainan55Sinkiang198Hebei503Fujian175Sichuan647HongKong246Shanxi293Jiangxi232Guizhou96InnerMongol348Shandong547Yunnan88Liaoning920Henan424Tibet10abExcludingHongKong;Provincialcity.Table2.Averagemunicipalsolidwastegenerationinkg/capita·day,1996.CityBeijingTianjinShanghaiShenyangDalianHangzhouShenzhenMSWGeneration1.200.991.231.021.030.922.62CityGuangzhouManshanAnshanChongqingNanjingAverageHongKongMSWGeneration1.200.660.760.960.821.122.25252JournaloftheAir&WasteManagementAssociationVolume51February2001 WangandNieFigure3.CorrelationbetweenMSWgenerationandurbanpopulationFigure4.CorrelationbetweenMSWgenerationandGDPinChina.inChina.volatilesolidscontent,thelignincontent,thebiode-DomesticEnergyStructuregradablefraction,andthebiodegradabledegreeofma-Theinfluenceofeconomicdevelopmentontheproper-terialsfoundinMSWareindicatedinTable8.Table9tiesofMSWcanbeseeninmanyways.Forinstance,eco-showsthechangeintheenergyandmoisturecontentnomicdevelopmenthascausedachangeinurbanofresidentialwasteinShanghai.domesticenergyconsumption.MajorfuelmaterialshaveNotethatthesamplingandanalysisofMSWarepri-changedfromcoaltogas(naturalgas,coalgas,orlique-marilybasedonthefollowingtwonationalstandards:fiedgas,eitherinpipesystemsorintanks).In1986,people(1)SamplingandAnalysisMethodsofMunicipalSolidwhousedgasasfuelaccountedforonly28.5%oftheto-Waste(CJ/T3039-95)issuedbytheMinistryofConstruc-talurbanpopulation,butin1998,thispercentagein-creasedto78.8%.1,3Gasisacleanenergysourcethattionin1995,and(2)SolidWaste:AnalysisMethodsofToxicExtractives(GB/T1555.1-11-1995)issuedbySEPAproducesalmostnoresidualwaste,whereascoalisafuelincombinationwiththeStateTechnologySupervisionthatproducesmuchresidualwaste,whichthenenterstheAgencyin1995.Becausethereisnonationalstandardforsolidwastestream.ThisisoneofthemainreasonswhychemicalanalysisofMSW,theTestMethodsforEvaluat-theinorganiccomponentinMSWismuchhigherincoal-ingSolidWaste10isappliedinmostcases.usingdistrictsthaningas-usingdistricts.AsMSWhasincreasedinthelast20years,wastecompositionhasalsochanged,revealinganincreasingLivingStandardsandRatesofConsumptionamountoforganicandrecyclablewaste.Ingeneral,Livingstandardsandratesofconsumptioninfluencevalueofthewasteintermsofreusabilityisincreasing.notonlyMSWquantitybutalsoitsquality.AsshownManyfactorshaveanimpactonMSWcomposition,inTable10,wastecompositiondiffersindistrictsofdiffer-Downloadedby[DTULibrary]at03:2412December2012includingdomesticfuelused(gasorcoal),livingcon-enteconomicconditions.TheMSWinexclusiveresiden-ditionswithaccompanyingratesofconsumption,tialdistrictsoftenhasahigherrecyclablecontent,sothesourcesofMSW(residential,municipal,institutional,percentageofkitchenwasteandashanddirtislowerthanorcommercial),andcitycharacteristics(size,location,thatinordinaryresidentialdistricts.Sincekitchenresidueandeconomicconditions).Thisisdiscussedinmoremakesupahigherportionofthewasteinordinaryresi-detailbelow.dentialdistricts,thewastefromthoseneighborhoodshasTable3.Gasfuelpercentage,citizenexpenditure,andaverageMSWgeneration.Year1986198819891990199119931995199619971998Gas,%28.539.438.642.247.157.070.073.275.778.8Consum,yuan/capita950143115681686192530274874543057966182aAverage,kg/capita·day1.01.101.141.201.331.371.471.431.401.42bAverage,kg/capita·day0.820.880.981.021.051.021.04abAveragedonthebaseofpermanentcityresidents;Averagedonthebaseofthetotalcitypopulationincludingthosewhoworktemporallyincitiesbutarenotregisteredascityresidents.Volume51February2001JournaloftheAir&WasteManagementAssociation253 WangandNieTable4.PredictionofMSWgenerationinChina.quantitybutalsohasthemostcomplexcom-position,whichisgreatlyinfluencedbytimeYearUrbanGDPMSWGenerationMSWGrowthandseason.Investigationsin1993indicated484Population×1010yuanRMB10tRate%that,inresidentialwaste,rapiddegradableor-ganicmattersmadeup48%ofthetotal.Coal200028,00093,32113,5898.65residue,ash,anddirtaccountedfor32%.Com-200536,400137,11917,6605.38bustiblecontentconsistingofplastics,paper,201045,000201,47322,7985.24cardboard,textiles,andleathermadeup17%.Theaveragemoisturecontentwas49%,thespe-cificweight0.33t/m3,andthelowercalorificahighermoisturecontentandlowercalorificvalue.Thevalue4500kJ/kg.3Municipalserviceswastehasasimilarimpactoflivingstandardsonwastecompositioncanalsocompositionbutcontainsmoreash,dirt,leaves,grass,beseenhistorically.Theamountofmoneyspentbycon-wood,andpackagingandfewerrapidbiodegradablemat-sumersincreased5.5-foldfrom1986to1998inChina,andters,withlowermoisturecontentandhighercalorificthisledtoawastecompositionchange.Table11comparesvalue.InstitutionalandcommercialwastereferstothethewastecompositioninBeijingin1990withthatin1998,refusegeneratedfrominstitutions,organizations,schools,indicatingthattheorganiccomponentincreasedfromfactories,andcommercialenterprises.Thecomposition76.5%in1990to86.9%in1998,andrecyclablematerialsofsuchwaste,varyingwithdifferentgenerationsources,foundinMSW(paper,cardboard,metal,glass,etc.)ac-isrelativelystableforgivensources.countedforamuchhigherfractionthanbefore.Figure5BecauseoftheimbalanceineconomicdevelopmentinshowsthewastecompositioninSouthCityGuangzhou,differentregions,wastecompositionandpropertiesvarywhereorganicmaterialshavereplacedinorganicmaterialsgreatlyandarecloselyrelatedtoacity’ssize,function,geo-asthemajorcontentinthewastestream.graphiclocation,andeconomiccondition.Table12comparesthecompositionofwastegeneratedinthesouthtothatinWasteGenerationSourcesandthenorth.TheMSWinlargercitieshasahigherorganiccom-CityCharacteristicsponent,ahigherpercentageofrecyclablematters,andalowerThreeprimarysourcesofwasteareclassified:residentialmoisturecontentthanthatinsmallercities.waste,municipalserviceswaste(suchasstreetandparkcleaningwaste),andinstitutionalandcommercialwaste.MATERIALRECOVERYFROMMUNICIPALSOLIDAccordingtotheinvestigationmadeinGuangzhou,theseWASTEANDRESOURCEEVALUATIONthreetypesofwasteaccount,respectively,for~68,11,andRecyclingisasignificantindustryinChina.Accordingto21%ofthetotal.9Residentialwastenotonlyranksfirstin1996data,11thisindustryaccountedfor5000recyclingTable5.ConstituentsofMSWinsomecities,1996.Downloadedby[DTULibrary]at03:2412December2012Organic,%byWeightInorganic,%byWeightabcCityTotalFoodPaperPlasticsTextilesWoodTotalAshGlassMetalOthersBeijing91.6856.0111.7612.602.758.568.322.793.841.69–Tianjin65.7853.885.884.100.821.1034.2266.210.760.240.01Shanghai93.0458.556.6811.842.2613.716.962.234.050.68–dddShenyang84.3562.386.833.761.589.8015.65–––15.65Dalian95.8673.393.375.661.6311.814.140.192.560.510.88Hangzhou63.9955.281.805.021.500.3936.0133.171.421.120.30Shenzhen93.3257.004.6514.056.5511.076.683.501.250.351.58Guangzhou79.0856.633.6513.054.551.2020.925.003.250.5512.12Manshan61.2038.203.905.001.7012.4038.8035.602.600.300.30Anshan65.7247.006.462.121.338.8134.2831.132.180.97–Chongqing49.9524.375.3911.822.841.5350.0520.222.191.1626.48Kunming67.7752.537.465.172.61–32.2326.754.240.990.25Average75.9852.945.657.852.516.7024.0218.902.360.714.80dHongKong73.3025.3122.2915.804.005.9026.7–2.803.7020.20abcdPaperandcardboard;Wood,grass,andleaves;Ash,dirt,etc;Includedin“Others”.254JournaloftheAir&WasteManagementAssociationVolume51February2001 WangandNieTable6.PhysicalpropertiesandenergydataofMSWinsomecities,1996.stations,asitispartiallythroughcollectingtherecyclablesthattheindividualsmakealiving.CityLowerCalorificValueSpecificWeightMoistureChinagenerated113milliontonsofMSWin1998.3kJ/kgkg/mContent%Basedonthedataofitsphysical,chemical,andbiologi-calpropertiesanditsquantity(seeFigure2andTablesBeijing641322058.816–8),itisestimatedthatthetotallandfillgasproductionTianjin641333060.02couldhaveamountedto3.5–12billionm3ifallMSWgen-Shanghai438929058.85eratedin1998hadbeenlandfilled.ThisisequaltoShenyang508045063.890.7–2.4billionm3ofnaturalgas.Supposethat1tonofDalian642032370.50Hangzhou184943057.28MSWcangenerate300kWhofelectricity(20%generat-Shenzhen460555.0ingefficiency).Then113milliontonsofMSWcouldgen-Guangzhou441825050.12erate33.9billionkWhofelectricity.Manshan283637049.10Anshan444040044.0COLLECTION,TRANSPORT,TREATMENT,Chongqing478547053.6ANDDISPOSALKunming35043.41AgeneralflowsheetforMSWcollection,transportation,Average469535355.38transfer,treatment,anddisposalinChinaisindicatedinHongKong617919939.00Figure6.Thoughcollection,transfer,andtransportofmunicipalsolidwastehasgreatlyimprovedinthepast20yearsinChina,asshowninTable14,wastecollectionfirmsand120,000collectionstationsinChinawithandtransportsystemscannotadaptquicklyenoughto8millionemployees.Inthe44yearsfrom1950to1994,therapiddemandsofcitydevelopment.Onlyinlargecit-238milliontonsofrecyclablematerials,valuedat~134iesisthewastetransportedinsealedvehicles.Datafrombillionyuan(U.S.$16.3billion),wasrecoveredfromthe1998showsthatthestreetsandparksactuallycleanedMSWstream.HongKongexported1.2milliontonsofoccupyonly90%oftheareathatneedstobecleaned.recyclablemunicipalwastetothemainlandorothercoun-EveninthelargecitiessuchasBeijing,onecanfindplacestriesin1997andearnedHK$2billion.Majormaterialswherenooneisresponsibleforwastecollection.recoveredfromMSWarethosethathaveahigheconomicTreatmentanddisposalofMSWinanenvironmen-value,includingmetal,paper,andcardboard.Thosethattallysound(ES)mannerisoneofthekeyissuesforproperdonothaveahighvalue,suchasplastics,glass,andbat-managementofMSWinChina.6,12Before1990,Chinateries,usuallyarenotrecoveredbutenterthewastestreamownedveryfewES(wellcontrolledwithlowriskofpol-andaredisposedofvialandfill.lution)wastemanagementfacilities.ThepercentagesofAsanexample,Table13indicatestherecyclingsitu-EStreatmentanddisposalofMSWwereonly0.5–2.5%.ationinBeijingfrom1987to1991.ItcanbeseenfromThismeansthatmorethan97%oftheMSWwassimplythistablethatthepercentofmaterialsrecycledfromMSWdumpedinthesuburbseitherwithoutanyorwithveryDownloadedby[DTULibrary]at03:2412December2012wasintherangeof7–10%.Startingin1989,thepercent-limitedengineeringstandards.Thissituationhasim-ageofmaterialsrecycledbyindividualcollectorswashigherprovedgreatlysince1991,whenChinabegantopaymuchthanthatofthecollectionstations.Thisisbecauseindi-moreattentiontotheMSWpollutionproblem.Theper-vidualcollectorsaremoreaggressivethanthecollectioncentageofEStreatmentanddisposalofMSWincreasedTable7.TypicaldataontheultimateanalysisofdegradablematerialsfoundinMSWinChina.OrganicMoisturePercentbyWeight(drybasis)MolecularFormulaCODComponent%%CHONgO/gorg2Foodwaste59.472.626.63.7231.6CHON1.1619·532·512·6Fruit28.076.1383.735.61.9CHON0.9423·327·316·4Paper6.85.64.14.439.30.7CHON1.05688849Textiles2.115.341.84.743.20.8CHON0.766182·347·3Grass,leaves1.356.646.06.038.03.4CHON1.0815·824·79·8Wood2.420.249.56.042.70.2CHON1.03289420187Biodegradable10066.333.13.931.61.7CHON1.0722·732·116·3Volume51February2001JournaloftheAir&WasteManagementAssociation255 WangandNieTable8.Typicaldataofvolatilesolidcontent(VS),lignincontent(LC),biodegrad-composting,andrecycling.14Therewere874ESfacilitiesablefraction(BF),andbiodegradabledegree(BD)ofmaterialsfoundinMSWinChina.forMSWtreatmentanddisposalinChinain1996withatreatmentcapabilityof235kt/day.Table17introducessomeComponentVSLCBFBDofthelargeMSWsanitarylandfillsinChina.%(drybasis)%ofVS%ofVS%Landfillsinmanycitiesarenotengineeredorcannotmeetrequirednationalstandardswithliners,drainagesys-Vegetablewaste90.43.373.866.7tems,landfillgascontrolsystems,leachatetreatmentsys-Animalfoodwaste93.2<0.182.777.1tems,andenvironmentalmonitoringsystems.ChinahasFruit84.62.775.463.8manycompostingplants.MunicipalwasteisusuallyPaper93.59.855.652.0Textiles97.425.212.412.1compostedwithmanureandagriculturalwaste,suchasGrass,leaves88.59.656.149.7cropstalks.TechnologyusedinmostofthecompostingWood94.913.844.442.1plantsisrathertraditionalorout-of-dateandcanonlyBiodegradable89.5–71.664.1producelow-qualitycompostthatisnotsuitableforfarm-landapplications.Hence,mostoftheplantshavediffi-cultysellingtheirproducts.Incinerationisanewdirectionto49.1%in1996,to55.4%in1997,andto58.5%in1998,ofdevelopmentinMSWmanagementinChinaandisandthispercentageiscontinuouslyrising(seeTable14andencouragedbySEPAandlocalenvironmentalprotectionFigure7).ReportedpercentagesofEStreatmentanddisposalbureaus(EPB).Combustionsystemsofmass-firedcom-ofMSWarelistedinTable15.HongKonghasthreelargebustion,pyrolyticcombustion,andfluidizedcombustionsanitarylandfills,fivetransferstations,andonewasteincin-canallbeused.Someeconomicallydevelopedcities,sucherationplant(shutdownin1997becauseofpollutionprob-asShenzhenandShanghai,haveconstructedorarecon-lems),andallkindsofwastearewelldisposedoforrecycled.structinglarge-scalewasteincinerationfacilities.ItcanTherearethreeprimarymethodsforthetreatmentandbepredictedthatMSWincinerationwillbeanimportantdisposalofMSW:landfills,incineration,andcomposting.6,13industrialsectorinChinainthenearfuture.Atpresent,79%oftheMSWenterslandfills(includingWastecharacteristicshaveagreateffectonitstreat-dumping)inChina,19%iscompostedorrecycled,andonlymentanddisposal.Forinstance,municipalwasteinmany2%iscombusted.Table16comparesChina’ssituationwithcitieshasahighmoisturecontentandlowheatingvalue,developedcountriesintermsoflandfills,incineration,whichmakestheapplicationofincinerationtechnologyTable9.EnergyandmoisturepropertychangeofresidentialwasteinShanghai,1994.Month:123456789101112Lowercalorific585242223884405456433762225730935058409654174305value,kJ/kgDownloadedby[DTULibrary]at03:2412December2012Moisture46.956.362.457.348.258.574.365.259.159.251.354.5contents,%Table10.Distributionofresidentialwasteconstituentindifferentdistricts,1994.Organic,%byWeightInorganic,%byWeightabcDistrictTotalFoodPaperPlasticsTextilesWoodTotalAshGlassMetalOthersOrdinary76.3632.615.114.62.8611.223.648.6612.81.960.22Exclusive72.6416.335.115.64.161.4827.360.2218.38.75–Institutional60.2411.717.612.74.6413.639.7611.4921.097.18–Commercial78.392.6538.518.56.2412.521.610.3111.56.693.11Hotel69.914.6844.418.22.430.2030.180.3025.14.78–Hospital70.8913.338.914.13.551.0429.111.7126.61.25Publicpark46.555.5212.212.41.6314.853.4535.409.526.561.97abcPaperandcardboard;Wood,grass,andleaves;Ash,coalresidue,dirt,etc.256JournaloftheAir&WasteManagementAssociationVolume51February2001 WangandNieTable11.ComparisonofchangeinMSWcompositionfordifferentdistrictsinBeijing.PercentbyWeightDistrict:CoalGasExclusiveCommercialHospitalYear:1990199819901998199019981990199819901998Organic43.765.0992.9194.0672.3787.8887.0597.4386.9389.96Food29.1732.9378.9152.0813.8237.3834.6827.927.1327.36Paper7.799.087.8513.2943.5623.0325.9932.3867.6338.32Plastics2.7711.062.0315.328.9712.893.9425.374.5014.49Textiles1.380.302.791.812.194.442.673.077.675.03Wood2.5911.721.3311.563.8310.1419.772.690.004.76Inorganic56.334.917.085.9427.6212.1212.948.4513.0510.04Ash48.2728.953.250.001.330.003.810.000.000.00Glass2.372.173.494.9920.589.306.126.3012.258.73Metal1.070.760.180.873.482.261.701.670.801.31Others4.593.030.160.082.230.561.310.480.000.00difficult.ThisisoneofthereasonswhytherateofwasteMinistryofConstruction,SEPA,andtheMinistryofDo-incinerationissolowinChina.WastepropertiesarekeyinmesticTrade,asshowninFigure8.Thenationalauthor-composting.ExceptforsomecommunitieswithinsomeityforMSWadministrationinChinaistheMinistryofcities,municipalwasteiscollectedwithoutanyseparation.Construction.MunicipalSanitaryBureausoperatinginThisresultsinlow-fertilitycompostwithhighsandandindividualcitiesincombinationwiththeirenterprisestakepollutantcontent.Forexample,theBeijingmunicipalitytheresponsibilitiesofcollection,transfer,transport,treat-hasanadvancedMSWcompostingplantwithwastetreat-ment,anddisposalofMSWgeneratedintheirownmu-mentcapabilityof400t/day.Thecompostedproduct,how-nicipalities.Theyarealsoresponsibleforthemonitoring,ever,cannotbeusedbyfarmersbecauseofitslowquality,supervision,andenforcementofthelegislation.Despiteanditmustbegivenawaytotheforestrysectors.municipalsanitaryorganizations,theMinistryofDomes-ticTradeanditslocalsupplyandmarketingsystemsareADMINISTRATIONresponsibleforthematerialrecoveryfromMSW.WhenInstitutionsenvironmentalpollutioncausedbysolidwasteoccurs,Therearethreegovernmentalorganizationsthatarere-environmentalprotectionorganizationsbecomeinvolvedsponsibleforthemanagementofMSWinChina:theastheresponsiblegovernmentalauthorityforpollutionDownloadedby[DTULibrary]at03:2412December2012Figure5.CompositionchangeofMSWovertimeinGuangzhou,showingthesharpincreaseinorganiccomponentsandthesharpdecreaseininorganiccomponents.Volume51February2001JournaloftheAir&WasteManagementAssociation257 WangandNieTable12.Residentialwasteconstituentcomparisonbetweensouthandnorthandbetweencoal-fueldistrictsandgas-fueldistricts,1995.aOrganic%byWeightInorganic%byWeightRecyclable%byWeightRegionCityCoalGasCoalGasCoalGasSouthNanning17.0246.0178.6045.764.388.23Nanjing26.2864.7768.2018.335.5216.90Shanghai31.9680.3060.707.547.3412.16Chongqing16.8069.9179.5419.913.6610.18NorthTaiyuan10.8683.2286.384.122.7612.66Jilin4.8062.0493.7027.262.1010.70Tianjin22.2678.9869.525.889.1215.14Shenyang37.9786.9460.799.341.063.72Harbin30.8663.9266.0220.223.1515.86aRecyclablewastes,includingpaper,metal,plastics,glass,andtextiles,arecountedseparatelyfromorganicandinorganicwastes.andtheMinistryofConstructionhaveTable13.Materialrecovery(MR)fromMSWinBeijing,1987–1991.promulgatedmanyordinances,regu-YearTotalMRByCollectionFirmsByIndividualCollectorslations,standards,androles,suchasAmount%Amount%ofMRAmount%ofMRtheMunicipalandEnvironmental4×10tSanitaryRegulation(1992),theMu-nicipalSolidWasteManagementOr-198723.397.616.59716.8029dinance(1993),theTechnicalStandard198825.108.613.555411.5646forMunicipalSolidWasteSanitary198928.139.112.774515.3655Landfills(CJJ17-88),theSanitaryStan-199029.318.510.983718.3363dardforManureTreatment(GB7975-199129.528.110.223519.316587),thePollutionControlStandardforMunicipalSolidWasteLandfilling(GB16889-1997),theTechnicalAssess-control.Figure9illustratestheinstitutionalstructureofmentStandardfortheTreatmentofMunicipalSolidWasteMSWadministrationintheBeijingmunicipality.CompostingTreatment(CJ/T3059-1996),theTechnicalStandardforEnvironmentalMonitoringinMSWLand-Legislationfills(CJ/T3037-1995),andthemostrecentlyissuedPollu-TheActofPreventionandControlofSolidWastePollu-tionControlStandardforMunicipalSolidWastetiontotheEnvironment,P.R.China(1995),abbreviatedIncineration(GB16890-2000).DifferentprovincialandDownloadedby[DTULibrary]at03:2412December2012astheSolidWasteAct,isthebasiclawonMSWmanage-municipalenvironmentalprotectionbureaushavealsomentinChina.15Inaddition,theStateCouncil,SEPA,issuedmanyrelatedregulationsandguidelinesbasedonFigure6.GeneralflowsheetforMSWcollection,transportation,transfer,treatment,anddisposal.258JournaloftheAir&WasteManagementAssociationVolume51February2001 WangandNieTable14.StatisticsonthetreatmentanddisposalofMSWinChina.formunicipalwastemanagement,andtheyarealsoresponsibleforMSWplanning.SEPAandESTreatmentandDisposalCollection/TransportMachinerylocalEPBshavetherighttoenactpollutioncon-YearPerDayTotal(MSW+Manure)TotalTotalPowertrolstandardsandregulations.TheStatePlan-4t/day10tSetkWningCommittee,theStateCommitteeofEconomyandTrade,theMinistryofFinance,19862396.069.919,8321,166,481theMinistryofSupervision,andotherrelated19872426.054.021,4181,311,723governmentaldepartmentsmayalsotakepart19883254.075.222,7931,572,583inthelegislationprocess.19894378.0111.425,0761,719,07319907010.0212.225,6581,885,731199129,731.01238.527,8542,104,509TheFinancialAspect1993124,508.23945.432,8352,449,017MSWmanagementhaslongbeenconsidereda1995183,732.46014.139,2182,812,949publicserviceinChinaandis,therefore,paid1996234,7916749.1340,256forbythegovernmentatthenationalorlocallevels.Table18andFigure10showthecostofMSWmanagementinChinaoverthepastfewthelocalconditions.Theselaws,regulations,standards,years.Itcanbeseenthatin1995,thecosttothegov-andguidelinesarethelegalbasisforthemanagementofernmentofMSWhandlingfromcollectiontofinaldis-MSWinChina.posalwas5.75billionyuan(693millionUSD).BeijingAtthenationallevel,itisthePeople’sCongressandaccountedfor12.5%ofthetotalcost,Shanghaifor20%,theStateCouncilthatlegislateconcerningmunicipalandtheothereightcitieslistedinTable18accountedwastemanagement.Also,ministriesandstateagenciesfor50%ofthatfigure.Excludingfacilityconstructionhavetheirrighttopromulgateordinances,regulations,costs,costforMSWcollection,transportation,trans-guidelines,andstandards.TheMinistryofConstructionfer,treatment,anddisposalvariesfrom45.5to210.6anditslocaldepartmentshavetherighttopromulgateyuan/t,withtheaveragebeing50.9yuan/t.Thissitua-operationaloradministrativeregulationsandstandardstionhaschangedgreatlyinthepasttwoyearsintwoDownloadedby[DTULibrary]at03:2412December2012Figure7.PercentagedistributionofthetreatmentanddisposalofMSWinChina.Table15.PercentageofthetreatmentanddisposalofMSWinsomecities,1995.BeijingTianjinShanghaiChongqingHarbinShenyangXianNanjngWuhan4MSW+Manure×10t682199588237247355751022044Collected/Treated×10t84.5108.2448.1208.3226.366.022.083.2178.0PercentofTotal12.454.476.287.991.618.629.381.687.3Volume51February2001JournaloftheAir&WasteManagementAssociation259 WangandNieTable16.InternationalcomparisonofthetreatmentanddisposalofMSW.wheretheirwastegoes.Inmanycities,particularlyin6NationYearGeneration×10tLandfill%Incineration%Compost%Recycling%smallercities,lowpublicawarenesscreatesprob-Belgium19933.584935–16lems.Fromtimetotime,Germany199333.868.915.53.112.5publicwastecollectionFrance199320.05040–10equipmentisdestroyed,Australia19932.94824820andsomefirmsillegallyDenmark19931.81671–13pourtheirwasteintoriversGreatBritain1991208313–5Portugal19933.490–10–orlakes.Spain199012.575520–Inthepastfewyears,Japan199149.722.572.81.63.1withtheimprovementofCanada199017.6828–10theirlivingstandards,UnitedStates1991177.36716215peoplehavebeguntopayHongKong1995245.6455–50attentiontotheenviron-MainlandChina1995107.579.228.810ment,includingmunicipalwasteproblems.Inaddi-tion,manyapproacheshavebeenusedtoimprovepublicaware-Table17.ComparisonoflargeMSWsanitarylandfillsinChina.nessofenvironmentalproblemsandtoforcethepublictoactivelyparticipateinNameTotalCapacityDailyServicePeriodInvestment436wastemanagement.Moreenvironmental×10mt/dayYear×10yuanprogramsandreportshavebeenaired.ImplementationofthemunicipalwasteHangzhouTianzilingLandfill60020001991–201431.6ShanghaiLaogangLandfill120030001989–104managementfeesystemandwastesepa-GuangzhouLicunLandfill18012001990–199716rationinsomecommunitiesorcitieshasGuangzhouDatianshanLandfill17002001992–1999hadpositiveeffectsonawarenessoftheXianJiangxicunLandfill49001995–204537wasteproblems.ShenzhenXiapingLandfill140018001997–300BaotouQingshanLandfill2002001990–20103CONCLUSIONSBeijingAsuweiLandfill107020001995–2005110ChinageneratesalargeamountofMSW.BeijingLiulitunLandfill106015001996–201084In1998,113milliontonsofMSWwasChongqingChangshengLandfill185015001999–2030414generated,withanaveragegenerationratebeing1.0kg/day·capita.Majorcon-tributingfactorstoincreasingMSWgen-Downloadedby[DTULibrary]at03:2412December2012aspects:(1)theChinesegovernmenthasincreasedex-erationareurbanpopulationgrowthandgoodpenditureforenvironmentalprotectioninfrastructureeconomicconditions.Therelationshipcanbeex-construction(60billionyuanin1998),and(2)somepressedbycitiessuchasBeijingandNanjinghaveimplementedanMSWmanagementfee.Forinstance,theBeijingmu-G=0.225286P+MSWUrbannicipalityleviesa3yuantaxperfamilypermonthfor0.049732E+2640.235GDPthetreatmentanddisposalofMSW.Thisis0.12%ofthetotalaverageincomeofa3-personfamily(theav-whereGistheamountofMSWgeneratedin104MSWerageincomeofa3-personfamilywas2525yuan/t/year,Pistheurbanpopulationin104capita,andUrbanmonthin1998).ThoughthisamountofmoneyisnotEistheGDPin108yuan.Usingthisequation,itisGDPenough,itprovidesanewsourceoffinancing.predictedthatin2000,thetotalMSWwillreach136mil-liontonsandin2005,177milliontons.PublicParticipationandAwarenessHighmoisturecontentandlowheatingvaluechar-Publicparticipationinandawarenessofsolidwasteman-acterizetheMSWpropertiesinChina,butthewastecom-agementisofvitalimportanceforMSWmanagement,positionhaschangedgraduallyinthelast20years,withbutunfortunately,notmanypeopleareconsciousofthethepercentageofrecyclablematerialincreasing.Inor-wasteproblems.SincemostpeopleconsidermunicipalganiccomponentsofMSWaremuchgreaterincoal-usingwastehandlingapublicservice,theydonotcareaboutdistrictsthaningas-usingdistricts.Asgas,acleanerfuel,260JournaloftheAir&WasteManagementAssociationVolume51February2001 WangandNieFigure8.AdministrativestructureforwastemanagementinChina.Downloadedby[DTULibrary]at03:2412December2012Figure9.AdministrativestructureforwastemanagementinBeijing.Volume51February2001JournaloftheAir&WasteManagementAssociation261 WangandNieTable18.EnvironmentalsanitaryinvestmentinChina,1986–1995.becomingmoreaggressivethancollectionstations.Sev-enty-ninepercentofthewastegeneratedinChinaisdis-4Investment,×10yuanRMBposedofbylandfills(mostlysimpledumping).NineteenYear1986199119931995percentisrecoveredatthesourceorcomposted,andonly2%isincinerated.CostofMSWcollection,transporta-Total107,719206,776.3363,825.1575,785.7tion,transfer,treatment,anddisposalvariesfrom45.5toBeijing12,44319,048.032,734.072,275210.6yuan/twithanaverageof50.9yuan/t.LandfillsinTianjin50827277.013,131.020,673manycitiesarenotengineeredandcannotmeetrequiredShanghai19,35638,855.073,379.0116,298.0nationalstandardswithliners,drainagesystems,landfillChongqing9232584.31110.03162.0Harbin25074322.06752.010,052.0gascontrolsystems,leachatetreatmentsystems,anden-Shenyang46558765.01129.013,852.0vironmentalmonitoringsystems.ThetechnologiesusedXian3701700.01276.01295.0inmostofthecompostingplantsarerathertraditionalorNanjing13242308.63934.85278.9out-of-dateandcanproduceonlylow-qualitycompost,Wuhan18163226.18996.012,658.0whichcannotbesold.Wasteincineration,thoughpres-Guangzhou32817853.018,819.531,194.0entlyaccountingforaverysmallportionofChina’swasteSumofabovecities51,757.095,939.0161,261.3286,738.9treatment,willbeanimportantindustrialsectorinChina%ofthetotal48.148.444.349.8inthenearfuture.EnvironmentallysoundfacilitiesforthetreatmentanddisposalofMSWareingreatshortage.ThecurrenthasreplacedcoalasthemajorfuelinChina,theper-administrativesystem,anextensionoftheplannedcentageoforganiccomponentsinMSWhasincreased.economysystem,cannotmanageMSWwellinthemar-Livingstandardsandratesofconsumptioninfluencenotketeconomysystem.Amajordisadvantageofthissys-onlyMSWquantitybutalsoitsquality.Exclusiveresi-temisthatlegislationandhandlingofMSWaremanageddentialdistrictsoftenproduceMSWwithahigherper-bythesameorganization.ChangesaretakingplaceincentageofrecyclablematerialsandalowerpercentageMSWmanagementinChina.Forinstance,moremoneyofkitchenwasteanddirtcomparedwiththoseinordi-isavailablefromthegovernmentandfromtheindustrynaryresidentialdistricts.Wastecompositionandprop-sectorsforMSWmanagement.MarketmechanismswillertiesvarygreatlyfromplacetoplaceandarecloselybeintroducedintotheMSWhandlingsystem.Lowpub-relatedtoacity’ssize,function,geographiclocation,andlicawarenessofsolidwastemanagementproblemspro-economicconditions.ducesrandomdiscardingofwasteandillegalpouringofFrom1950to1994,238milliontonsofmaterialwaswasteintoriversorlakes.DiscussedinthenextpaperarerecoveredfromtheMSWstream.Thisrecoveredmaterialtheproblemsandremedialstrategiesformanagementofwasvaluedat~134billionyuan.IndividualcollectorsareMSWinChina.16Downloadedby[DTULibrary]at03:2412December2012Figure10.CostofMSWmanagementforallofChinacomparedwiththecombinedcostforBeijingandShanghai.262JournaloftheAir&WasteManagementAssociationVolume51February2001 WangandNieACKNOWLEDGMENTS12.Daskalopoulos,E.;Badr,O.;Probert,S.D.EconomicandEnvironmen-talEvaluationsofWasteTreatmentandDisposalTechnologiesforTheauthorsaregratefultoProfessorBaiQingzhong,Pro-MunicipalSolidWaste;Appl.Energy1997,58(4),209-255.13.Nie,Y.;Bai,Q.;Wang,H.HandbookofSolidWasteTreatment;Chemi-fessorXiurenHu,officersintheDepartmentofPollutioncalIndustryPublishers:Beijing,1999(inChinese).Control,SEPA,andespeciallytoMr.ShourenHu,Mr.14.Bruck,W.PackagingRecyclingWorldwide;Art-Nr929;DualesSystemDeutschlandGMBH,1995.HongchangMaandMr.DefuPengfortheiradviceand15.DepartmentofPolicyandLegislation,StateEnvironmentalProtec-tionAgencyofChina.China’sLawsandRegulationsofEnvironmentalsupportofthisproject.Wearealsogratefultothegradu-Protection1982–1997;ChemicalIndustryPublishers:Beijing,1997atestudentsinvolvedinthisstudy,especiallytoMs.(inChinese).16.Wang,H.;Nie,Y.;RemedialStrategiesforMunicipleSolidWasteMan-XiaoyueZhen,Mr.XinyangHao,Ms.WeiTang,andMs.agementinChina;J.AirandWaist&Manag.Assoc.2001,15,262-LiyunCaofortheircontributionsoninvestigationsand272.datacollection.REFERENCES1.NationalStatisticAgencyofChina.ChinaStatisticYearbook1983–1998;ChinaStatisticPublishers:Beijing,1984–1999.2.EditorialCommitteeofChinaEnvironmentYearbook1990–1988;ChinaEnvironmentYearbookPublishers:Beijing,1991–1998.3.MinistryofConstructionofChina.UrbanStatisticYearbook1990–1998;ChinaConstructionIndustryPublishers:Beijing,1991–1999.4.CharacterizationofMunicipalSolidWasteintheUnitedStates:1990Up-date;EPA/530-SW-90-04;U.S.EnvironmentalProtectionAgency:Washington,DC,1990.5.Daskalopoulos,E.;Badr,O.;Probert,S.D.MunicipalSolidWaste:APredictionMethodologyfortheGenerationRateandCompositionintheEuropeanUnionCountriesandtheUnitedStatesofAmerica;Resour.Conserv.Recyc.1998,24(2),155-166.AbouttheAuthors6.Rchobanoglous,G.;Theisen,H.;Vigil,S.IntegratedSolidWasteMan-Dr.HongtaoWang(correspondingauthor)isanassociateagement;McGraw-Hill,Inc.:1993.professorofEnvironmentalEngineeringintheDepartment7.NationalDevelopmentandPlanningCommittee,ChinaEnergyStrategy2000–2050;InstituteofEnergyResources,NationalDevelopmentandofEnvironmentalScienceandEngineering,TsinghuaUni-PlanningCommitteeofChina:Beijing,1999.versity,Beijing.Heisalsothevice-directoroftheTraining8.Wei,J.-B.;Herbell,J.D.;Zhang,S.SolidWasteDisposalinChina––Situation,ProblemsandSuggestions;WasteManage.&Res.1997,15Section,Asia-PacificRegionalCenterforHazardousWaste(6),573-583.ManagementTrainingandTechnologyTransfer,Beijing;9.Chung,S.;Poon,C.ComparisonofWasteManagementinGuangzhouphone:8610-62782029;fax:8610-62772048;e-mail:andHongKong;Resour.Conserv.Recyc.1998,22(3-4),203-216.10.StateEnvironmentalMonitoringStation,Eco-environmentalResearchwanght@dns.ep.tsinghua.edu.cn.YongfengNieisaprofes-CenterofChinaAcademyofSciences.TestMethodsforEvaluatingSolidsorofEnvironmentalEngineeringintheDepartmentofEn-Waste;ChinaEnvironmentPublishers:Beijing,1992(inChinese).vironmentalScienceandEngineering,TsinghuaUniversity.11.Fang,C.IntegratedDevelopmentofResourcesinMunicipalSolidWasteinChina;J.Nat.Resour.1996,4,24-29(inChinese).Downloadedby[DTULibrary]at03:2412December2012Volume51February2001JournaloftheAir&WasteManagementAssociation263