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1、Chapter4HanJ.VermeerSkoposTheoryGuidedReadingInthedevelopmentoffunctionalistapproachestotranslation,SkopostheoryputforwardbyVerneerhasplayedamajorrole.Vemeer,whohadbeentrainedasaninterpreterbyReiss,wasdissatisfiedwiththelinguistic-orientedtranslationtheo
2、ry,becauseinhisviewtranslatingis"notmerelyandnotevenprimarilyalinguisticprocess",andtranslation(includinginterpreting)isonly"atypeoftransferwherecommunicativeverbalandnon-verbalsignsaretransferredfromonelanguageintoanother"(Nord1997:11).Forvermeer,transl
3、ationisatypeofhumanaction,anintentional,purposefulbehaviorthattakesplaceinagivensituation.Itisaformoftranslationalactionbasedonasourcetext.Heholdsthatanyactionhasanaim,apurpose,sodoestranslationactivitytheGreekword"skopos",whichwasintroducedintotranslati
4、ontheorybyVermeerinthe1970s,isatechniquetermforthegoalorpurposeofatranslation,i.e.Whatatranslatorisaimingatinthetranslationprocess.Theskopostheoryholdsthat"thewaythetargettexteventuallyshapesupisdeterminedtoagreatextentbythefunction,or'skopos',intendedfo
5、ritinthetargetcontext"(Hatim2005:74).Asaresult,itistheskopos(thepurpose)ofthetranslationwhichdeterminesthetranslationmethodsandstrategiesthatatranslatormayadoptinordertoproduceafunctionallyadequatetranslation.ThereareanothertwoimportantfactorsinVermeer's
6、skopostheory.Oneistheaddressee,i.etheintendedreceiverofthetargettext,whodeterminesthepurposeofatranslation.Forvermeer,"Everytranslationisdirectedatanintendedaudience,sincetotranslatemeans'toproduceatextinatargetsettingforatargetpurposeandtargetaddressees
7、intargetcircumstances'"(Nord1997:12).Anotheristhemuchlowerstatusofthesourcetext,whichisregardedjustasan"offerofinformation"fromwhichatranslatorselectswhatismostusefulandimportanttohistranslationpurpose.AtargettextisconsideredbyVermeeranofferofinformation
8、使形成固定格式，使公式化；系统地阐述，确切地表达；规划；构想出formulatedbyatranslatorinatargetcultureandlanguageaboutanofferofinformationformulatedbysomeoneelseinthesourcecultureandlanguage.Vermeerinhispaper"Framework框架，体系；参照标准foraGeneralTranslationTheo
