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LED行业深度分析报告投资要点:·未来五年进入黄金发展时期。未来5-10年内大规模取代传统照明与显示光源。半导体照明以其技术的先进性和产品的应用的广泛性,被国际上公认为是21世纪最具有发展前景的高新技术之一。·下游市场非常强劲,背光源市场将迎来第一次爆发;根据中国台湾Isupply资料,2008年笔记本电脑LED背光的渗透率为14%,2011年或2012年将达到100%.。2009年LCDTV用LED背光源市场渗透率预计达到2%,2015年将达到60%。·需求再次爆发来自照明;2010年LED光源在照明市场的渗透率可望达到3.7%,从2009年到2013年将有32%的年复合成长率。由于各国政府致力推广节能政策,加上LED照明成本逐渐下降,有助激励节能商机,LED产业研究机构LEDinside表示,随着全球白炽灯泡禁用时间表的临近,LED照明将在未来几年成为主流市场。·国内LED行业发展迎来重大政策利好;我国自2003年开展“中国半导体照明工程”项目以来,加大了在半导体照明行业的政策引导和资金支持。“十一五”半导体照明工程被国家科技部列为“863”计划重大专项工程。在新发布的“十二五”规划中,新材料列入国家七大战略性新兴产业中。·长期看好LED行业;由于LED应用领域在未来的爆发,我们看好LED行业的长期发展。尤其是在LED研发领域有核心技术、规模效应的龙头企业。environment.Inchickendietscomposedofgrainfeedclassanditsby-productsaccountforaconsiderableproportion.Suchhightotalphosphoruscontentinfeed,butmostofits(65%~80%)combinationofphosphorusandphyticacid(phytate),poultrylowphyticacidphosphorusutilizationcapacity.Accordingtoreports,youngbirdsofphytatephosphorusutilizationisabout30%,adultbirdsisabout50%.Thus,phosphorusinplantfeedstuffsalonecannotmeettheneedsofpoultrywouldhavetoaddinorganicphosphorussources(mainlycalciumhydrogenphosphate,bonemeal,fishmeal,meatandbonemealalsofallintothiscategory),andtotalphosphorusinthedietincreased.Today'slackofinorganicphosphorussourcesthroughouttheworld,hasbecomethethirdmoreexpensivefeedingredientsinfeedcosts,1gramofinorganicphosphoruspricesfarbeyondthepriceof1gofhighqualityprotein.Increasedfeedcostsontheonehand,anddischargelargeamountsofphosphorusfromthewaste,causingseriousenvironmentalpollution.WhenusedinpoultryfeedingwhenhighlevelofCuandZn,significantlyincreasingthefecalexcretionofcopperandzinc.Regardlessofbreedingsize,orfree-range,chickenintheselectionorarrangementoftheplace,theremustbeawarenessofenvironmentalprotectionandpeople-orientedconcept.Atthetimeofplanning,tochickenproductionandpeople'slivingenvironment,environmentandfarmwastedisposalaspectscoordinatedandorganizedonanequalstatus,itshouldberunthroughthedesign,constructionandproductionofthreeaspectsoftheentire41 目录第一章LED行业基本情况31.1LED概述31.2半导体照明产业背景及其重要地位31.3产品替代性分析61.4LED行业生命周期分析71.5行业影响因素分析7第二章LED产业结构分析112.1LED产业产值规模112.2LED产业上下游产业基本情况122.3LED产业链结构162.4国内LED产业链情况18第三章LED细分行业分析193.1外延片制造核心设备MOCVD193.2LED芯片以及外延片193.3LED封装产业19第四章LED应用以及市场分析194.1LED应用:照明194.2LED应用:显示屏194.3LED应用:背光源194.4LED行业未来需求预测19第五章LED行业相关上市公司19environment.Inchickendietscomposedofgrainfeedclassanditsby-productsaccountforaconsiderableproportion.Suchhightotalphosphoruscontentinfeed,butmostofits(65%~80%)combinationofphosphorusandphyticacid(phytate),poultrylowphyticacidphosphorusutilizationcapacity.Accordingtoreports,youngbirdsofphytatephosphorusutilizationisabout30%,adultbirdsisabout50%.Thus,phosphorusinplantfeedstuffsalonecannotmeettheneedsofpoultrywouldhavetoaddinorganicphosphorussources(mainlycalciumhydrogenphosphate,bonemeal,fishmeal,meatandbonemealalsofallintothiscategory),andtotalphosphorusinthedietincreased.Today'slackofinorganicphosphorussourcesthroughouttheworld,hasbecomethethirdmoreexpensivefeedingredientsinfeedcosts,1gramofinorganicphosphoruspricesfarbeyondthepriceof1gofhighqualityprotein.Increasedfeedcostsontheonehand,anddischargelargeamountsofphosphorusfromthewaste,causingseriousenvironmentalpollution.WhenusedinpoultryfeedingwhenhighlevelofCuandZn,significantlyincreasingthefecalexcretionofcopperandzinc.Regardlessofbreedingsize,orfree-range,chickenintheselectionorarrangementoftheplace,theremustbeawarenessofenvironmentalprotectionandpeople-orientedconcept.Atthetimeofplanning,tochickenproductionandpeople'slivingenvironment,environmentandfarmwastedisposalaspectscoordinatedandorganizedonanequalstatus,itshouldberunthroughthedesign,constructionandproductionofthreeaspectsoftheentire41 第一章LED行业基本情况1.1LED概述LED,即发光二极体,是一种能够将电能转化为可见光的半导体。与传统光源,如白炽灯和节能灯不同,LED采用电场发光和低压供电。它具有寿命长、光效高、光色纯、稳定性高、安全性好、无辐射、低功耗、抗震、耐击打等家族优点,被誉为21世纪新固体光源时代的革命性技术。进入20世纪90年代,随着氮化物LED的发明,LED的发光效率有了质的飞跃,而组成白光的重要原色蓝光,也在1992年由日本着名LED企业日亚化学的中村修二发明。这样整个可见光领域的单色LED已经完整,能够满足各种单色发光的应用场所。随着LED技术的不断改进,发光效率不断提高,成本的不断降低,其应用领域不断拓展。由于其超越传统光源、以及节能灯、高压汞灯等的优势日益明显,LED未来将成为垄断性的发光源。可以说,从目前技术发展来看,凡是用电发光的地方都可以用LED来替代。未来LED将统治发光领域,而LED产业也将发展成超过万亿的巨大产业,其中孕育着大量的投资机会。近几年,LED面临爆发性增长,主要是源于各国政策的支持、以及下游电视背光源需求的急速增长、未来成本的下降所带来的大规模通用照明替代等。可以说,未来5年,将是LED产业的黄金增长期。(1)LED分类A.environment.Inchickendietscomposedofgrainfeedclassanditsby-productsaccountforaconsiderableproportion.Suchhightotalphosphoruscontentinfeed,butmostofits(65%~80%)combinationofphosphorusandphyticacid(phytate),poultrylowphyticacidphosphorusutilizationcapacity.Accordingtoreports,youngbirdsofphytatephosphorusutilizationisabout30%,adultbirdsisabout50%.Thus,phosphorusinplantfeedstuffsalonecannotmeettheneedsofpoultrywouldhavetoaddinorganicphosphorussources(mainlycalciumhydrogenphosphate,bonemeal,fishmeal,meatandbonemealalsofallintothiscategory),andtotalphosphorusinthedietincreased.Today'slackofinorganicphosphorussourcesthroughouttheworld,hasbecomethethirdmoreexpensivefeedingredientsinfeedcosts,1gramofinorganicphosphoruspricesfarbeyondthepriceof1gofhighqualityprotein.Increasedfeedcostsontheonehand,anddischargelargeamountsofphosphorusfromthewaste,causingseriousenvironmentalpollution.WhenusedinpoultryfeedingwhenhighlevelofCuandZn,significantlyincreasingthefecalexcretionofcopperandzinc.Regardlessofbreedingsize,orfree-range,chickenintheselectionorarrangementoftheplace,theremustbeawarenessofenvironmentalprotectionandpeople-orientedconcept.Atthetimeofplanning,tochickenproductionandpeople'slivingenvironment,environmentandfarmwastedisposalaspectscoordinatedandorganizedonanequalstatus,itshouldberunthroughthedesign,constructionandproductionofthreeaspectsoftheentire41 按发光管发光颜色分成红色、橙色、绿色(又细分黄绿、标准绿和纯绿)、蓝光等。另外,有的发光二极管中包含二种或三种颜色的芯片。根据发光二极管出光处掺或不掺散射剂、有色还是无色,上述各种颜色的发光二极管还可分成有色透明、无色透明、有色散射和无色散射四种类型。散射型发光二极管不适合做指示灯用。B.按发光管出光面特征分为圆灯、方灯、矩形、面发光管、侧向管、表面安装用微型管等。圆形灯按直径分为φ2mm、φ4.4mm、φ5mm、φ8mm、φ10mm及φ20mm等。由半值角大小可以估计圆形发光强度角分布情况。C.从发光强度角分布图来分有三类:高指向性。一般为尖头环氧封装,或是带金属反射腔封装,且不加散射剂。半值角为5°~20°或更小,具有很高的指向性,可作局部照明光源用,或与光检出器联用以组成自动检测系统。标准型。通常作指示灯用,其半值角为20°~45°散射型。这是视角较大的指示灯,半值角为45°~90°或更大,散射剂的量较大。D.按发光二极管的结构分有全环氧包封、金属底座环氧封装、陶瓷底座环氧封装及玻璃封装等结构。E.按发光二极管的结构分有全环氧包封、金属底座环氧封装、陶瓷底座环氧封装及玻璃封装等结构。F.按发光强度和工作电流分有普通亮度的LED(发光强度小于10mcd);超高亮度的LED(发光强度大于100mcd);把发光强度在10~100mcd间的叫高亮度发光二极管。一般LED的工作电流在十几mA至几十mA,而低电流LED的工作电流在2mA以下(亮度与普通发光管相同)。(2)LED的特点发光二极管(LED)作为第三代半导体照明光源。这种产品具有很多梦幻般优点:1)光效率高:光谱几乎全部集中于可见光频率,效率可以达到50%以上。而光效差不多的白炽灯可见光效率仅为10%-20%。2)光线质量高:由于光谱中没有紫外线和红外线,故没有热量,没有辐射,属于典型的绿色照明光源。3)能耗小:单体功率一般在0.05-1wenvironment.Inchickendietscomposedofgrainfeedclassanditsby-productsaccountforaconsiderableproportion.Suchhightotalphosphoruscontentinfeed,butmostofits(65%~80%)combinationofphosphorusandphyticacid(phytate),poultrylowphyticacidphosphorusutilizationcapacity.Accordingtoreports,youngbirdsofphytatephosphorusutilizationisabout30%,adultbirdsisabout50%.Thus,phosphorusinplantfeedstuffsalonecannotmeettheneedsofpoultrywouldhavetoaddinorganicphosphorussources(mainlycalciumhydrogenphosphate,bonemeal,fishmeal,meatandbonemealalsofallintothiscategory),andtotalphosphorusinthedietincreased.Today'slackofinorganicphosphorussourcesthroughouttheworld,hasbecomethethirdmoreexpensivefeedingredientsinfeedcosts,1gramofinorganicphosphoruspricesfarbeyondthepriceof1gofhighqualityprotein.Increasedfeedcostsontheonehand,anddischargelargeamountsofphosphorusfromthewaste,causingseriousenvironmentalpollution.WhenusedinpoultryfeedingwhenhighlevelofCuandZn,significantlyincreasingthefecalexcretionofcopperandzinc.Regardlessofbreedingsize,orfree-range,chickenintheselectionorarrangementoftheplace,theremustbeawarenessofenvironmentalprotectionandpeople-orientedconcept.Atthetimeofplanning,tochickenproductionandpeople'slivingenvironment,environmentandfarmwastedisposalaspectscoordinatedandorganizedonanequalstatus,itshouldberunthroughthedesign,constructionandproductionofthreeaspectsoftheentire41 ,通过集群方式可以量体裁衣地满足不同的需要,浪费很少。以其作为光源,在同样亮度下耗电量仅为普通白炽灯的1/8-10。4)寿命长:光通量衰减到70%的标准寿命是10万小时。一个半导体灯正常情况下可以使用50年,即使长命百岁的人,一生最多也就用2只灯。5)可靠耐用:没有钨丝、玻壳等容易损坏的部件,非正常报废率很小,维护费用极为低廉。6)应用灵活:体积小,可以平面封装,易开发成轻薄短小的产品,做成点、线、面各种形式的具体应用产品。7)安全:单位工作电压大致在1.5-5v之间。8)绿色环保:废弃物可回收,没有污染,不像荧光灯一样含有汞成分。9)响应时间短:适应频繁开关以及高频运作的场合。影响LED产业发展最重大的变化,是高亮度白光LED的发明。自1997年白光LED发明后,专家对白光LED进入普通照明领域的可能进行了研究。作为光源,LED优势体现在三个方面:节能、环保和长寿命。LED不依靠灯丝发热来发光,能量转化效率非常高,理论上可以达到白炽灯10%的能耗,相比萤光灯,LED也可以达到50%的节能效果。美国能源部有一个类似的预测,到2010年美国一半的白炽灯如果由LED取代的话,仅节约的电费就达到350亿美元。在使用寿命方面,LED采用固体封装,结构牢固,寿命达10万小时,是萤光灯的10倍,白炽灯的100倍。在环保方面,用LED交替萤光灯,避免了萤光灯管破裂外溢汞的二次污染。1.1半导体照明产业背景及其重要地位LED具有耗电量少、寿命长、色彩丰富、耐震动、可控性强等特点,目前产品光效已经超过白炽灯、卤素灯、荧光灯等传统光源,同时价格快速下降,正在成为照明史上继白炽灯、荧光灯之后的优异场照明光源的革命,将在未来5-10年内大规模取代传统照明与显示光源。半导体照明以其技术的先进性和产品的应用的广泛性,被国际上公认为是21世纪最具有发展前景的高新技术之一。我国自2003年开展“中国半导体照明工程”environment.Inchickendietscomposedofgrainfeedclassanditsby-productsaccountforaconsiderableproportion.Suchhightotalphosphoruscontentinfeed,butmostofits(65%~80%)combinationofphosphorusandphyticacid(phytate),poultrylowphyticacidphosphorusutilizationcapacity.Accordingtoreports,youngbirdsofphytatephosphorusutilizationisabout30%,adultbirdsisabout50%.Thus,phosphorusinplantfeedstuffsalonecannotmeettheneedsofpoultrywouldhavetoaddinorganicphosphorussources(mainlycalciumhydrogenphosphate,bonemeal,fishmeal,meatandbonemealalsofallintothiscategory),andtotalphosphorusinthedietincreased.Today'slackofinorganicphosphorussourcesthroughouttheworld,hasbecomethethirdmoreexpensivefeedingredientsinfeedcosts,1gramofinorganicphosphoruspricesfarbeyondthepriceof1gofhighqualityprotein.Increasedfeedcostsontheonehand,anddischargelargeamountsofphosphorusfromthewaste,causingseriousenvironmentalpollution.WhenusedinpoultryfeedingwhenhighlevelofCuandZn,significantlyincreasingthefecalexcretionofcopperandzinc.Regardlessofbreedingsize,orfree-range,chickenintheselectionorarrangementoftheplace,theremustbeawarenessofenvironmentalprotectionandpeople-orientedconcept.Atthetimeofplanning,tochickenproductionandpeople'slivingenvironment,environmentandfarmwastedisposalaspectscoordinatedandorganizedonanequalstatus,itshouldberunthroughthedesign,constructionandproductionofthreeaspectsoftheentire41 项目以来,加大了在半导体照明行业的政策引导和资金支持。在“十五”的后两年国家拨出8,000万元专款作为引导经费,重点解决半导体照明产业化中的一些关键技术。“十一五”半导体照明工程被国家科技部列为“863”计划重大专项工程。(1)半导体照明是革命性技术,由着巨大的创新空间与科技进步能力LED属于半导体光电子领域,其光效的提升和器件成本性爱将,也有类似于微电子领域摩尔定律的海茨法则(每10年价格下降到原来的1/10,性能提高20倍)。半导体照明技术和市场的发展速度已经远远超过人们的预期。目前功率白光LED产品光效已经超过100lm/W(理论值是400lm/W研发已达到了161lm/W),大大超过白炽灯的15lm/W,并已超过节能灯的90lm/W,并在通用超名领域开始了师范应用。虽然半导体照明在指示、显示、小尺寸背光以及特种照明应用领域已经成熟,但是从发光理论、材料体系、期间结构,以及应用范围来看,仍处于初期发展阶段,表现出前沿科学的研究与应用技术的开发同步发展的特殊现象,即在光效提高1000倍的技术发展的过程中不断出现新的应用。(2)半导体照明是战略性产业,由着巨大的市场潜力自20世纪60年代开始的LED指示显示等中低端应用,已在100年的发展过程中走过了50年,而高端的LED功能性照明应用在100年的发展过程中,从20世纪90年代末至今,仅仅走了10年的时间。根据美国StrategiesUnlimited公司数据,从1999年到2008年,全球LED的市场规模平均增长率超过了20%。随着技术的日益成熟和成本的飞速下降,半导体照明在道路、工矿企业、商厦和家庭等巨大的功能项照明应用市场已经启动。此外,医疗、农业、军事、航空等新应用也已经出现,而市场空间更大的室内照明的雏形也在逐步形成,预计2015年全球将形成1000亿美元以上的半导体照明应用市场。(3)半导体照明是节能环保的绿色光源美国桑迪亚国家实验室2007年7月21日向《自然》杂志提交了的论文中指出,照明占全球能源消耗的8.9%,占电力消耗的19%,而对GDP的贡献仅是0.63%。如果采用半导体照明技术,有望使2050年的照明用电保持在2005年的水平(占能源消耗的8%,电力消耗的20%)environment.Inchickendietscomposedofgrainfeedclassanditsby-productsaccountforaconsiderableproportion.Suchhightotalphosphoruscontentinfeed,butmostofits(65%~80%)combinationofphosphorusandphyticacid(phytate),poultrylowphyticacidphosphorusutilizationcapacity.Accordingtoreports,youngbirdsofphytatephosphorusutilizationisabout30%,adultbirdsisabout50%.Thus,phosphorusinplantfeedstuffsalonecannotmeettheneedsofpoultrywouldhavetoaddinorganicphosphorussources(mainlycalciumhydrogenphosphate,bonemeal,fishmeal,meatandbonemealalsofallintothiscategory),andtotalphosphorusinthedietincreased.Today'slackofinorganicphosphorussourcesthroughouttheworld,hasbecomethethirdmoreexpensivefeedingredientsinfeedcosts,1gramofinorganicphosphoruspricesfarbeyondthepriceof1gofhighqualityprotein.Increasedfeedcostsontheonehand,anddischargelargeamountsofphosphorusfromthewaste,causingseriousenvironmentalpollution.WhenusedinpoultryfeedingwhenhighlevelofCuandZn,significantlyincreasingthefecalexcretionofcopperandzinc.Regardlessofbreedingsize,orfree-range,chickenintheselectionorarrangementoftheplace,theremustbeawarenessofenvironmentalprotectionandpeople-orientedconcept.Atthetimeofplanning,tochickenproductionandpeople'slivingenvironment,environmentandfarmwastedisposalaspectscoordinatedandorganizedonanequalstatus,itshouldberunthroughthedesign,constructionandproductionofthreeaspectsoftheentire41 ,但对GDP的贡献上升到1.63%。LED生产和使用中没有贡等有害物质,可以大幅度减少废旧灯具的环境污染,且采用低压直流供电,没有红外、紫外辐射,是真正绿色、健康的照明能源。(4)半导体照明产业对我国的战略性意义和作用1、提升传统产业结构,成为新经济增长点。半导体照明是一百年的传统照明工业转型的重大历史机遇,将迎来数字化、个性化的高科技大规模的后工业时代。我国是传统照明的生产、出口和消费大国,2008年我国照明产业产值约2200亿元,出口150亿美元,但产品以中低端为主,大而不强,仅占全球照明产值的18%。发展半导体照明新兴产业,有利于调整照明产业结构,提高产品附加值,提升产业水平,以及培育世界级的品牌企业。21世纪前20年,我国的城市化进程将显著加快,每年有1400万人进入城镇,对照明由着巨大的需求。半导体照明指示、显示应用日趋成熟,新的功能性照明正在涌现,将成为高成长的新的经济增长点。此外,中国消费类电子产品产量占全球产量的40%,中国也拥有13亿人口“人机界面”的巨大市场;我国汽车产业发展也正面临良好的发展机遇,发展半导体照明新兴产业,将显著提高消费类电子产品、汽车产业的附加值。大尺寸液晶(LCD)背光源是近期最大的潜在市场之一。根据中国台湾Isupply资料,2008年笔记本电脑LED背光的渗透率为14%,2011年或2012年将达到100%.。2009年LCDTV用LED背光源市场渗透率预计达到2%,2015年将达到60%。半导体照明可以配合新能源汽车等节能车厢的研究和生产,为汽车产业的升级发展带来新的增长点。半导体照明已经大量应用于汽车照明,随着技术的进步,LED在包括汽车前大灯在内的汽车照明灯具方面,将逐步发挥出其安全、节能、可设计性强、寿命长等优势。在我过汽车产业高速发展的带动下,预计2010年前我国的汽车产量将达到1000万辆,汽车刹车灯、显示仪表盘、转向灯对高亮度LED的需求逐年增加。预计到2015年汽车照明用LED产值将达到200亿元。environment.Inchickendietscomposedofgrainfeedclassanditsby-productsaccountforaconsiderableproportion.Suchhightotalphosphoruscontentinfeed,butmostofits(65%~80%)combinationofphosphorusandphyticacid(phytate),poultrylowphyticacidphosphorusutilizationcapacity.Accordingtoreports,youngbirdsofphytatephosphorusutilizationisabout30%,adultbirdsisabout50%.Thus,phosphorusinplantfeedstuffsalonecannotmeettheneedsofpoultrywouldhavetoaddinorganicphosphorussources(mainlycalciumhydrogenphosphate,bonemeal,fishmeal,meatandbonemealalsofallintothiscategory),andtotalphosphorusinthedietincreased.Today'slackofinorganicphosphorussourcesthroughouttheworld,hasbecomethethirdmoreexpensivefeedingredientsinfeedcosts,1gramofinorganicphosphoruspricesfarbeyondthepriceof1gofhighqualityprotein.Increasedfeedcostsontheonehand,anddischargelargeamountsofphosphorusfromthewaste,causingseriousenvironmentalpollution.WhenusedinpoultryfeedingwhenhighlevelofCuandZn,significantlyincreasingthefecalexcretionofcopperandzinc.Regardlessofbreedingsize,orfree-range,chickenintheselectionorarrangementoftheplace,theremustbeawarenessofenvironmentalprotectionandpeople-orientedconcept.Atthetimeofplanning,tochickenproductionandpeople'slivingenvironment,environmentandfarmwastedisposalaspectscoordinatedandorganizedonanequalstatus,itshouldberunthroughthedesign,constructionandproductionofthreeaspectsoftheentire41 2、战略意义重大,带动相关产业发展。半导体照明是高带动性的战略性领航产业,作为新一代半导体技术的突破口,将会带动原材料、太阳能光伏产业、装备制造等相关产业的发展。在中央提出“十大行业振兴规划”中,半导体照明产业的发展除对提升传统照明产业的结构升级外,对电子信息、装备制造、有色金属等行业也将产生带动作用。在电子信息方面,随着半导体照明在显示、背光、信号等方面的应用发展,将大大提升平面显示、数字家电及消费类电子产品的升级换代,这是13亿人口“人机界面”的巨大市场;同时对驱动、控制电路等产品也会产生巨大需求,带动电子信息产业的发展。3、节能潜力巨大,环保效果显著。半导体照明节能效果已经显现,是节能的“富矿”。交通信号、景观照明等特殊照明领域的节电达到70%以上,隧道照明节电40%,枝干道路照明节电30%以上。我国是仅次于美国的世界第二大发电总量国,发电能耗的3/4为燃煤,造成大气污染和环境的严重污染。2008年我国发电总量34334亿千瓦时,照明用电约4000亿千瓦时,占电力总消耗的12%,占能源消耗的5.9%,且每年以5%-10%的速度增长。据我国专家预测,到2015年,我国照明用电量将达到6000亿千瓦时,如果半导体照明进入20%的照明市场,以及背光显示、景观照明等应用领域,可节电800亿千瓦时,相当于一个三峡电站的年发电总量,年减排二氧化碳8000万吨、二氧化硫80万吨。1.1产品替代性分析白光LED在照明市场的前景备受全球瞩目,它将成为21世纪的新一代光源,以替代白炽灯、荧光灯和高压气体放电灯等传统光源。由于白光LED应用照明市场的未来发展潜力巨大,全球LED照明光源市场每年成长5%。白光LED与白炽灯相比可节省80%~90%的电能,且寿命可超过10万小时。目前主要问题是芯片成本高,但从电子产品性价比发展规律看,半导体灯进入普通家庭已为期不远。在LEDenvironment.Inchickendietscomposedofgrainfeedclassanditsby-productsaccountforaconsiderableproportion.Suchhightotalphosphoruscontentinfeed,butmostofits(65%~80%)combinationofphosphorusandphyticacid(phytate),poultrylowphyticacidphosphorusutilizationcapacity.Accordingtoreports,youngbirdsofphytatephosphorusutilizationisabout30%,adultbirdsisabout50%.Thus,phosphorusinplantfeedstuffsalonecannotmeettheneedsofpoultrywouldhavetoaddinorganicphosphorussources(mainlycalciumhydrogenphosphate,bonemeal,fishmeal,meatandbonemealalsofallintothiscategory),andtotalphosphorusinthedietincreased.Today'slackofinorganicphosphorussourcesthroughouttheworld,hasbecomethethirdmoreexpensivefeedingredientsinfeedcosts,1gramofinorganicphosphoruspricesfarbeyondthepriceof1gofhighqualityprotein.Increasedfeedcostsontheonehand,anddischargelargeamountsofphosphorusfromthewaste,causingseriousenvironmentalpollution.WhenusedinpoultryfeedingwhenhighlevelofCuandZn,significantlyincreasingthefecalexcretionofcopperandzinc.Regardlessofbreedingsize,orfree-range,chickenintheselectionorarrangementoftheplace,theremustbeawarenessofenvironmentalprotectionandpeople-orientedconcept.Atthetimeofplanning,tochickenproductionandpeople'slivingenvironment,environmentandfarmwastedisposalaspectscoordinatedandorganizedonanequalstatus,itshouldberunthroughthedesign,constructionandproductionofthreeaspectsoftheentire41 产品全彩化技术达到商业化标准之后,应用领域也将延伸至户外大型显示装置及大型显示装置背光源应用产品。白光LED市场将以彩色手机的荧幕背光源,以及相机的闪光灯最为看好,后期看来,白光LED目标则在于大尺寸LCD背光源及全球照明光源替换市场。1.1LED行业生命周期分析近几年LED器件、芯片的产量增长很快,特别是高亮度LED芯片和器件增长更快。根据中国光学光电子行业协会光电器件分会统计和测算,目前全国从事LED的企业约2000多家,其中从事外延生长、芯片制造的研究和生产单位有40多家,器件封装企业约600家,其中有一定规模的封装企业约100家,应用产品和配套企业有1700多家。外延芯片设备增加较快,芯片产能增加迅速,2008年国内MOCVD拥有量已超过100台。芯片国产化率有所提升,达到了49%。2008年我国LED封装产值达到185亿元,产量增加到940亿只,产品和企业结构也有较大改善。应用产品产值已超过450亿元,景观装饰、显示屏、家电仪表等应用市场是国内最大的应用市场,占据了约60%左右的份额。LED显示屏在北京奥运会开幕式上的出色表现,更是极大的带动了LED照明产业的快速成长。以上表明,我国LED行业处于快速发展的成长期。1.2行业影响因素分析1.5.1行业政策因素分析受全球金融危机的影响,我国经济出现了增速放缓的现象,为抵御国际宏观经济环境对我国的不利影响,在中央的宏观调控之下,全国打响了一场声势浩大的“扩大内需、促进增长”的经济保卫战。2008年11月5日国务院常务会议确定了当前进一步促进经济增长的方案,并以4万亿元资金力撬国内需求。根据这一方案,到2010年底,我国政府将投资4environment.Inchickendietscomposedofgrainfeedclassanditsby-productsaccountforaconsiderableproportion.Suchhightotalphosphoruscontentinfeed,butmostofits(65%~80%)combinationofphosphorusandphyticacid(phytate),poultrylowphyticacidphosphorusutilizationcapacity.Accordingtoreports,youngbirdsofphytatephosphorusutilizationisabout30%,adultbirdsisabout50%.Thus,phosphorusinplantfeedstuffsalonecannotmeettheneedsofpoultrywouldhavetoaddinorganicphosphorussources(mainlycalciumhydrogenphosphate,bonemeal,fishmeal,meatandbonemealalsofallintothiscategory),andtotalphosphorusinthedietincreased.Today'slackofinorganicphosphorussourcesthroughouttheworld,hasbecomethethirdmoreexpensivefeedingredientsinfeedcosts,1gramofinorganicphosphoruspricesfarbeyondthepriceof1gofhighqualityprotein.Increasedfeedcostsontheonehand,anddischargelargeamountsofphosphorusfromthewaste,causingseriousenvironmentalpollution.WhenusedinpoultryfeedingwhenhighlevelofCuandZn,significantlyincreasingthefecalexcretionofcopperandzinc.Regardlessofbreedingsize,orfree-range,chickenintheselectionorarrangementoftheplace,theremustbeawarenessofenvironmentalprotectionandpeople-orientedconcept.Atthetimeofplanning,tochickenproductionandpeople'slivingenvironment,environmentandfarmwastedisposalaspectscoordinatedandorganizedonanequalstatus,itshouldberunthroughthedesign,constructionandproductionofthreeaspectsoftheentire41 万亿元人民币,用于包括基础设施、公共交通、生态环境建设和灾后建设、民生工程在内的10大措施。根据这十大措施,未来我国将加快建设保障性安居工程、加快农村基础设施建设、加快铁路、公路和机场等重大基础设施建设、加快地震灾区灾后重建,投资规模将有较大幅度提高。根据十一届全国人大二次会议6日上午举行的新闻发布会上公布的信息,其中以水、电、路、气、房为主的农村民生工程将投入3700亿;以铁路、公路、机场、水利等为主的基础设施建设将投资15000亿左右;节能减排、生态工程将投资2100亿;调整结构和技术改造将投资3700亿左右;灾区的灾后恢复重建投资10000亿。这些庞大的投资建设措施必将增加对包括显示屏、特殊照明、普通照明、景观照明等在内的各种LED应用产品的大宗需求;而加强生态环境建设,又对节能照明产品提出更高的要求,为LED在普通照明领域的应用打开了广阔的市场。与国家宏观调控措施相呼应,科技部已经启动了旨在拉动内需,促进节能减排,推动产业规模的“十城万盏”LED应用示范工程。各地方政府则纷纷以重大建设项目为抓手,以投资拉动经济增长,其中仅广东省将推广的10万盏LED路灯工程就将给LED企业带来6亿元左右的市场。此外,财政部、商务部在全国推广家电下乡,对彩电、冰箱、手机、洗衣机、摩托车、计算机、热水器、空调等进行财政补贴,据测算,可实现销售额6200亿元,增加其他消费性支出3000亿元,累计拉动消费9200亿,这无疑又为LED企业创造了一个巨大的市场。1.5.2行业技术环境(1)外延、芯片技术取得突破LED的核心技术是高亮度LED的外延生长和芯片制造技术,近几年政府和相关研究机构高度重视LED核心技术的开发,投入了大量资金和人力加以研究,主要研究机构有北大、清华、南昌大学、中科院半导体所、中科院物理所、中电科技集团第13研究所等。在外延生长、芯片制造方面,如在不同衬底(Al2O3、Si、SiC、AlN)上外延生长GaN材料,已开发出图形化衬底environment.Inchickendietscomposedofgrainfeedclassanditsby-productsaccountforaconsiderableproportion.Suchhightotalphosphoruscontentinfeed,butmostofits(65%~80%)combinationofphosphorusandphyticacid(phytate),poultrylowphyticacidphosphorusutilizationcapacity.Accordingtoreports,youngbirdsofphytatephosphorusutilizationisabout30%,adultbirdsisabout50%.Thus,phosphorusinplantfeedstuffsalonecannotmeettheneedsofpoultrywouldhavetoaddinorganicphosphorussources(mainlycalciumhydrogenphosphate,bonemeal,fishmeal,meatandbonemealalsofallintothiscategory),andtotalphosphorusinthedietincreased.Today'slackofinorganicphosphorussourcesthroughouttheworld,hasbecomethethirdmoreexpensivefeedingredientsinfeedcosts,1gramofinorganicphosphoruspricesfarbeyondthepriceof1gofhighqualityprotein.Increasedfeedcostsontheonehand,anddischargelargeamountsofphosphorusfromthewaste,causingseriousenvironmentalpollution.WhenusedinpoultryfeedingwhenhighlevelofCuandZn,significantlyincreasingthefecalexcretionofcopperandzinc.Regardlessofbreedingsize,orfree-range,chickenintheselectionorarrangementoftheplace,theremustbeawarenessofenvironmentalprotectionandpeople-orientedconcept.Atthetimeofplanning,tochickenproductionandpeople'slivingenvironment,environmentandfarmwastedisposalaspectscoordinatedandorganizedonanequalstatus,itshouldberunthroughthedesign,constructionandproductionofthreeaspectsoftheentire41 外延、非极性或半极性外延、衬底转移、激光剥离、共晶焊接、ITO电极、表面粗化和光子晶体等,提高内量子效率和外量子效率方面,取得很好的研究成果,已研发出AlGaN深紫外(260nm~400nm)发光二极管,还研发出1W的LED蓝光芯片,做成白光的LED发光效率超过80lm/W,并研制出四元系AlGaInP红光功率LED器件,发光效率约40lm/W。南昌大学研制出了有自主知识产权的在硅衬底上生长GaN,并做出蓝、绿LED芯片,现已产业化。国内LED外延生长和芯片制造的主要企业有厦门三安、大连路美、上海蓝光、上海蓝宝、山东华光、杭州士蓝明芯、江西晶能光电、河北同辉、沈阳方大、厦门乾照、江西联创、南昌欣磊、上海大晨、上海宇体、深圳世纪晶源、深圳奥伦德、扬州华夏集成、廊坊清芯、甘肃新天电、武汉迪源、西安中为、广州普光、东莞福地,以及外资企业如武汉华灿、厦门晶宇、厦门明达和晋江晶蓝等,这些企业在芯片结构和工艺改进方面做了大量工作,在提高产品性能、成品率、工艺重复性,提高抗光衰能力和可靠性等方面均取得较大成果。2008年高亮度LED芯片超过300亿只,其中蓝、绿芯片80亿只~100亿只。而2007年国内生产高亮度芯片超过210亿只,增长率为75%,其中蓝、绿芯片约为65亿只,增长率为62.5%。(2)LED封装企业规模小数量多国内LED封装企业的特点是规模小、数量多,为500家~600家,具有一定规模,销售在千万元以上的企业约100家,主要封装企业有厦门华联、佛山国星、江苏稳润、广州鸿利、宁波升谱、江西联创、天津天星、廊坊鑫谷、深圳瑞丰、深圳雷曼、深圳光量子、珠海力丰等。可封装的器件品种齐全,包含单管、复合管、像素管、数码显示器、各种背光源、SMD-LED、微型LED、矩阵显示器、专用显示器、白光LED、功率LED和大功率LED模块等,具有实力的封装企业,投入较大的研发力量,在改进封装结构、提高散热性能、提高出光效率、提高抗光衰和可靠性等方面均取得很好效果。现可批量封装1WLED,其发光效率达100lm/W,热阻可控制在10℃/W以内。中电科技集团第13研究所开发出了具有自主产权的大功率LEDenvironment.Inchickendietscomposedofgrainfeedclassanditsby-productsaccountforaconsiderableproportion.Suchhightotalphosphoruscontentinfeed,butmostofits(65%~80%)combinationofphosphorusandphyticacid(phytate),poultrylowphyticacidphosphorusutilizationcapacity.Accordingtoreports,youngbirdsofphytatephosphorusutilizationisabout30%,adultbirdsisabout50%.Thus,phosphorusinplantfeedstuffsalonecannotmeettheneedsofpoultrywouldhavetoaddinorganicphosphorussources(mainlycalciumhydrogenphosphate,bonemeal,fishmeal,meatandbonemealalsofallintothiscategory),andtotalphosphorusinthedietincreased.Today'slackofinorganicphosphorussourcesthroughouttheworld,hasbecomethethirdmoreexpensivefeedingredientsinfeedcosts,1gramofinorganicphosphoruspricesfarbeyondthepriceof1gofhighqualityprotein.Increasedfeedcostsontheonehand,anddischargelargeamountsofphosphorusfromthewaste,causingseriousenvironmentalpollution.WhenusedinpoultryfeedingwhenhighlevelofCuandZn,significantlyincreasingthefecalexcretionofcopperandzinc.Regardlessofbreedingsize,orfree-range,chickenintheselectionorarrangementoftheplace,theremustbeawarenessofenvironmentalprotectionandpeople-orientedconcept.Atthetimeofplanning,tochickenproductionandpeople'slivingenvironment,environmentandfarmwastedisposalaspectscoordinatedandorganizedonanequalstatus,itshouldberunthroughthedesign,constructionandproductionofthreeaspectsoftheentire41 封装产品,另外,还开发具有自主产权的垂直结构无焊线功率LED封装新产品,为功率LED封装产业作出了贡献。国内LED封装材料和配件的配套能力是很强的,除个别材料外,绝大部分材料均为国内提供,主要有金丝、硅铝丝、环氧树脂、硅胶、银胶、导电胶、支架、条带、塑料件、封装模具和工夹具等,已形成一定规模,企业主要集中在珠江三角洲和宁波地区。另外封装白光LED用的荧光粉,国内也是十几家企业正在研究和生产,已大量用于白光LED封装,大连路明开发出了有自主知识产权的硅酸盐荧光粉,另外,还开发出了具有自主知识产权的蓝光激发红光和绿光的氮化物荧光粉,可由RGB三基色组成白光LED,效果很好,为白光LED封装作出了贡献。(3)标准和检测平台建设进展快国内近几年在制定半导体照明技术标准方面取得较大进展,国家半导体照明工程研发及产业联盟的标准协调组在协调标准制定以及收集半导体照明技术标准方面卓有成效。我国相关协会还积极参加国际相关标准化组织CIE及IEC,参与专业标准的制定,与美国、日本等相关标准化组织联络交流。随着LED技术的不断发展,应用产品不断成熟,相关标准将会不断出台。在推动半导体照明检测平台的建设方面,也取得较大进展,在原来基础较好的北京、石家庄、上海和厦门等地检测机构正在进一步扩大,检测项目和内容正在不断完善。科技部重点支持的上海和厦门检测平台建设,现已初具规模,可为半导体照明产品提供检测服务。为推进半导体照明产业发展提供较好的公共检测平台,应进一步与国际相关检测机构展开样品检测校准。另外,国家质量监督检验检疫总局,同意厦门市产品质量检验所筹建“国家半导体发光器件(LED)应用产品质量监督检验中心”,在原有基础上再投资5000万元进行建设,将于2009年11月建成验收。environment.Inchickendietscomposedofgrainfeedclassanditsby-productsaccountforaconsiderableproportion.Suchhightotalphosphoruscontentinfeed,butmostofits(65%~80%)combinationofphosphorusandphyticacid(phytate),poultrylowphyticacidphosphorusutilizationcapacity.Accordingtoreports,youngbirdsofphytatephosphorusutilizationisabout30%,adultbirdsisabout50%.Thus,phosphorusinplantfeedstuffsalonecannotmeettheneedsofpoultrywouldhavetoaddinorganicphosphorussources(mainlycalciumhydrogenphosphate,bonemeal,fishmeal,meatandbonemealalsofallintothiscategory),andtotalphosphorusinthedietincreased.Today'slackofinorganicphosphorussourcesthroughouttheworld,hasbecomethethirdmoreexpensivefeedingredientsinfeedcosts,1gramofinorganicphosphoruspricesfarbeyondthepriceof1gofhighqualityprotein.Increasedfeedcostsontheonehand,anddischargelargeamountsofphosphorusfromthewaste,causingseriousenvironmentalpollution.WhenusedinpoultryfeedingwhenhighlevelofCuandZn,significantlyincreasingthefecalexcretionofcopperandzinc.Regardlessofbreedingsize,orfree-range,chickenintheselectionorarrangementoftheplace,theremustbeawarenessofenvironmentalprotectionandpeople-orientedconcept.Atthetimeofplanning,tochickenproductionandpeople'slivingenvironment,environmentandfarmwastedisposalaspectscoordinatedandorganizedonanequalstatus,itshouldberunthroughthedesign,constructionandproductionofthreeaspectsoftheentire41 第一章LED产业结构分析2.1LED产业产值规模2009年10月12日,国家发改委、科技部、工业和信息化部等六部委联合制定《半导体照明节能产业发展意见》,提出以下发展目标:到2015年,半导体照明节能产业产值年均增长率在30%左右;产品市场占有率逐年提高,功能性照明达到20%左右,液晶背光源达到50%以上,景观装饰等产品市场占有率达到70%以上;企业自主创新能力明显增强,大型MOCVD装备、关键原材料以及70%以上的芯片实现国产化,上游芯片规模化生产企业3-5家;产业集中度显著提高,拥有自主品牌、较大市场影响力的骨干龙头企业10家左右;初步建立半导体照明标准体系;实现年节电400亿千瓦时,相当于年减排二氧化碳4000万吨。由于各国政府的大力支持,全球LED市场今年来迅速扩大,根据台湾工业研究院(IEK)统计,2008年全球LED产值达到67.67亿美元。近年全球LED产值及增长率如图2-1。图2-1:2002-2008年全球LED产值及增长率(单位:亿美元)资料来源:台湾工研院environment.Inchickendietscomposedofgrainfeedclassanditsby-productsaccountforaconsiderableproportion.Suchhightotalphosphoruscontentinfeed,butmostofits(65%~80%)combinationofphosphorusandphyticacid(phytate),poultrylowphyticacidphosphorusutilizationcapacity.Accordingtoreports,youngbirdsofphytatephosphorusutilizationisabout30%,adultbirdsisabout50%.Thus,phosphorusinplantfeedstuffsalonecannotmeettheneedsofpoultrywouldhavetoaddinorganicphosphorussources(mainlycalciumhydrogenphosphate,bonemeal,fishmeal,meatandbonemealalsofallintothiscategory),andtotalphosphorusinthedietincreased.Today'slackofinorganicphosphorussourcesthroughouttheworld,hasbecomethethirdmoreexpensivefeedingredientsinfeedcosts,1gramofinorganicphosphoruspricesfarbeyondthepriceof1gofhighqualityprotein.Increasedfeedcostsontheonehand,anddischargelargeamountsofphosphorusfromthewaste,causingseriousenvironmentalpollution.WhenusedinpoultryfeedingwhenhighlevelofCuandZn,significantlyincreasingthefecalexcretionofcopperandzinc.Regardlessofbreedingsize,orfree-range,chickenintheselectionorarrangementoftheplace,theremustbeawarenessofenvironmentalprotectionandpeople-orientedconcept.Atthetimeofplanning,tochickenproductionandpeople'slivingenvironment,environmentandfarmwastedisposalaspectscoordinatedandorganizedonanequalstatus,itshouldberunthroughthedesign,constructionandproductionofthreeaspectsoftheentire41 2.2LED产业上下游产业基本情况我国LED产业结构上下游不均衡。在这一轮金融危机引发的LED产业变局中,上游企业受到的冲击小于下游企业。LED产业具有典型的不均衡产业链结构,LED产业链大致可分为五部分:原材料;LED上游产业;LED中游产业;LED下游产业;测试仪器和生产设备。LED发光材料和器件的原材料包括衬底材料砷化镓单晶、氮化铝单晶等。它们大部分是III—V族化合物半导体单晶,生产工艺比较成熟,其他材料还有金属高纯镓。原材料的纯度一般都要在6N以上。LED上游产业主要是指LED发光材料外延制造和芯片制造。由于外延工艺的高度发展,器件的主要结构如发光层、限制层、缓冲层、反射层等均已在外延工序中完成,芯片制造主要是做正、负电极和完成分割检测。LED中有产业是指LED器件封装产业。在半导体产业中,LED封装产业与其他半导体器件封装产业不同,它可以根据用于现实、照明、通信等不同场合,封装出不同颜色、不同形状的品种繁多的LED发光器件。LED下游产业是指应用LED显示或照明器件后形成的产业。就LED应用来讲,面应该更广,还应包括那些在家电、仪表、轻工业产品中的信息显示,但这些不足以支撑LED下游产业。其中主要的应用产业有LED显示屏、LED交通信号灯、太阳能电池LED航标灯、液晶背光源、LED车灯、LED景观灯饰、LED特殊照明等。测试仪器主要有:外延材料方面的射线双晶衍射仪、荧光谱仪、卢瑟福背散射沟道谱仪等芯片、器件测试仪器方面的LED光电特性测试仪、光谱分析仪等。主要的测试参数有正反向电压、电流特性、法相光强、光强分布、光通量、峰值波长、主波长、色坐标、显色指数。生产设备包括了MOVVD设备、液相外镀炉、光刻机、划片机、全自动固晶机、金丝球焊机、硅铝丝超声压焊机、灌胶机、真空烘箱、芯片计数仪、芯片检测仪、倒膜机、光色点全自动分选机等。其中,上游和中游是典型的技术或资本密集的“三高”environment.Inchickendietscomposedofgrainfeedclassanditsby-productsaccountforaconsiderableproportion.Suchhightotalphosphoruscontentinfeed,butmostofits(65%~80%)combinationofphosphorusandphyticacid(phytate),poultrylowphyticacidphosphorusutilizationcapacity.Accordingtoreports,youngbirdsofphytatephosphorusutilizationisabout30%,adultbirdsisabout50%.Thus,phosphorusinplantfeedstuffsalonecannotmeettheneedsofpoultrywouldhavetoaddinorganicphosphorussources(mainlycalciumhydrogenphosphate,bonemeal,fishmeal,meatandbonemealalsofallintothiscategory),andtotalphosphorusinthedietincreased.Today'slackofinorganicphosphorussourcesthroughouttheworld,hasbecomethethirdmoreexpensivefeedingredientsinfeedcosts,1gramofinorganicphosphoruspricesfarbeyondthepriceof1gofhighqualityprotein.Increasedfeedcostsontheonehand,anddischargelargeamountsofphosphorusfromthewaste,causingseriousenvironmentalpollution.WhenusedinpoultryfeedingwhenhighlevelofCuandZn,significantlyincreasingthefecalexcretionofcopperandzinc.Regardlessofbreedingsize,orfree-range,chickenintheselectionorarrangementoftheplace,theremustbeawarenessofenvironmentalprotectionandpeople-orientedconcept.Atthetimeofplanning,tochickenproductionandpeople'slivingenvironment,environmentandfarmwastedisposalaspectscoordinatedandorganizedonanequalstatus,itshouldberunthroughthedesign,constructionandproductionofthreeaspectsoftheentire41 产业:高难度、高投入、高风险,在某些环节技术难度极大、工艺精度要求极高、对技术和设备的依赖极强,而处于产业链下游的封装和应用环节壁垒很低,属于劳动密集型产业。衬底材料是LED照明的基础,也是外延生长的基础,不同的衬底材料需要不同的外延生长技术,又在一定程度上影响到芯片加工和器件封装。因此,衬底材料的技术路线必然会影响整个产业的技术路线,是各个技术环节的关键。1993年,日本科学家中村修二在GaN基片上研制出第一只蓝色发光二极管,实现了高亮发光并间接实现了白光,从此成为应用最广泛的发光半导体材料。能够用于GaN的衬底材料主要有蓝宝石(Al2O3)、SiC、Si、ZnO、GaN,但只有前两种得到了较大规模的商业化应用,且能够提供产品的企业极少。一直以来,日本日亚公司垄断了大部分蓝宝石衬底的供应,而美国Cree公司则是唯一能够提供商用SiC衬底的企业。用Si作为衬底生长GaN基LED是业界寄予厚望的一个技术路径,但因为存在材料失配引起龟裂、发光效率低、工作电压高、可靠性差等诸多难以克服的困难,一直没有得到真正的商业化。蓝宝石是目前主流的衬底材料,但其硬度很高(仅次于金刚石),加工过程中钻取、切割、研磨的工艺难度大、效率很低,且因蓝宝石衬底片要求表面光洁度在纳米级以上,研磨尤其困难。外延片生长主要依靠生长工艺和设备。制造外延片的主流方法是采用金属有机物化学气相沉积(MOCVD),但即使是这种“最经济”的方法,其设备制造难度也非常大,国际上只有德国、美国、英国、日本等少数国家中数量非常有限的企业可以进行商业化生产,设备非常昂贵,一台24片机器的价格高达数千万元(当前价格约300万美元)。以往欧美厂商主要包括德国Aixtron、美国Emcore和英国ThomasSwan。1992年,德国Aixtron根据飞利浦(Philips)授权专利生产出第一台多片式行星式反应室的MOCVD机。此后,Emcore被Veeco收购,ThomasSwan被Aixtron收购。但欧美企业对材料的研究有限,因此设备的工艺参数不够完善。而行业内最领先的日本企业对技术严格封锁,其中对GaNenvironment.Inchickendietscomposedofgrainfeedclassanditsby-productsaccountforaconsiderableproportion.Suchhightotalphosphoruscontentinfeed,butmostofits(65%~80%)combinationofphosphorusandphyticacid(phytate),poultrylowphyticacidphosphorusutilizationcapacity.Accordingtoreports,youngbirdsofphytatephosphorusutilizationisabout30%,adultbirdsisabout50%.Thus,phosphorusinplantfeedstuffsalonecannotmeettheneedsofpoultrywouldhavetoaddinorganicphosphorussources(mainlycalciumhydrogenphosphate,bonemeal,fishmeal,meatandbonemealalsofallintothiscategory),andtotalphosphorusinthedietincreased.Today'slackofinorganicphosphorussourcesthroughouttheworld,hasbecomethethirdmoreexpensivefeedingredientsinfeedcosts,1gramofinorganicphosphoruspricesfarbeyondthepriceof1gofhighqualityprotein.Increasedfeedcostsontheonehand,anddischargelargeamountsofphosphorusfromthewaste,causingseriousenvironmentalpollution.WhenusedinpoultryfeedingwhenhighlevelofCuandZn,significantlyincreasingthefecalexcretionofcopperandzinc.Regardlessofbreedingsize,orfree-range,chickenintheselectionorarrangementoftheplace,theremustbeawarenessofenvironmentalprotectionandpeople-orientedconcept.Atthetimeofplanning,tochickenproductionandpeople'slivingenvironment,environmentandfarmwastedisposalaspectscoordinatedandorganizedonanequalstatus,itshouldberunthroughthedesign,constructionandproductionofthreeaspectsoftheentire41 材料研究最成功的日本日亚化学和丰田合成(ToyodaGosei)的MOCVD设备则根本不对外销售,另一家技术比较成熟的日本酸素(Sanso)公司的设备则只限于日本境内出售。芯片制造的难度仅次于材料制备,同属于技术和资本密集型产业,进入壁垒仍然很高。其技术上的难题主要包括提高外量子效率、降低结温和有效散热。目前核心技术同样也掌握在大企业手中,如美国HP、Cree、德国Osram等。封装技术经历了整整40年的快速发展已经非常成熟。出于对散热、白光、二次光学等技术指标的要求,食人鱼、PowerTOP、大尺寸、多芯片、UV白光等形式的封装结构应运而生。用于封装的焊线机、分选机的价格大幅下降(当前自动焊线机从几十万元降至十几万元,低档的手动焊线机甚至已降至几千元)。此外,为LED封装的各种配套(如环氧树脂、金丝、支架、荧光粉等)产品的价格也已不高。LED应用主要指灯具制造和控制系统,技术更多地体现在系统设计、结构设计、散热处理以及二、三次光学设计,但与中上游产业相比,基本不存在技术难度。目前,LED产品主要应用于手机与LED等背光源、室外景观照明、室内装饰照明、户外显示屏、交通信号灯、汽车照明、安全照明等领域。同时LED作为手机等小尺寸LCD背光源已经十分普及,已经开始向大尺寸液晶背光源市场扩展。随着技术进步,LED的发光效率不断提高,各应用领域的发展状况和前景也各不相同,中大尺寸背光源和居室照明将是未来发展潜力最大的两大领域。图2-2、2-3为世界和中国近年LED产业应用领域具体分布情况。environment.Inchickendietscomposedofgrainfeedclassanditsby-productsaccountforaconsiderableproportion.Suchhightotalphosphoruscontentinfeed,butmostofits(65%~80%)combinationofphosphorusandphyticacid(phytate),poultrylowphyticacidphosphorusutilizationcapacity.Accordingtoreports,youngbirdsofphytatephosphorusutilizationisabout30%,adultbirdsisabout50%.Thus,phosphorusinplantfeedstuffsalonecannotmeettheneedsofpoultrywouldhavetoaddinorganicphosphorussources(mainlycalciumhydrogenphosphate,bonemeal,fishmeal,meatandbonemealalsofallintothiscategory),andtotalphosphorusinthedietincreased.Today'slackofinorganicphosphorussourcesthroughouttheworld,hasbecomethethirdmoreexpensivefeedingredientsinfeedcosts,1gramofinorganicphosphoruspricesfarbeyondthepriceof1gofhighqualityprotein.Increasedfeedcostsontheonehand,anddischargelargeamountsofphosphorusfromthewaste,causingseriousenvironmentalpollution.WhenusedinpoultryfeedingwhenhighlevelofCuandZn,significantlyincreasingthefecalexcretionofcopperandzinc.Regardlessofbreedingsize,orfree-range,chickenintheselectionorarrangementoftheplace,theremustbeawarenessofenvironmentalprotectionandpeople-orientedconcept.Atthetimeofplanning,tochickenproductionandpeople'slivingenvironment,environmentandfarmwastedisposalaspectscoordinatedandorganizedonanequalstatus,itshouldberunthroughthedesign,constructionandproductionofthreeaspectsoftheentire41 图2-2:2008全球LED应用领域分布资料来源:LEDInside图2-3:2009中国LED应用领域分布资料来源:LEDInsideenvironment.Inchickendietscomposedofgrainfeedclassanditsby-productsaccountforaconsiderableproportion.Suchhightotalphosphoruscontentinfeed,butmostofits(65%~80%)combinationofphosphorusandphyticacid(phytate),poultrylowphyticacidphosphorusutilizationcapacity.Accordingtoreports,youngbirdsofphytatephosphorusutilizationisabout30%,adultbirdsisabout50%.Thus,phosphorusinplantfeedstuffsalonecannotmeettheneedsofpoultrywouldhavetoaddinorganicphosphorussources(mainlycalciumhydrogenphosphate,bonemeal,fishmeal,meatandbonemealalsofallintothiscategory),andtotalphosphorusinthedietincreased.Today'slackofinorganicphosphorussourcesthroughouttheworld,hasbecomethethirdmoreexpensivefeedingredientsinfeedcosts,1gramofinorganicphosphoruspricesfarbeyondthepriceof1gofhighqualityprotein.Increasedfeedcostsontheonehand,anddischargelargeamountsofphosphorusfromthewaste,causingseriousenvironmentalpollution.WhenusedinpoultryfeedingwhenhighlevelofCuandZn,significantlyincreasingthefecalexcretionofcopperandzinc.Regardlessofbreedingsize,orfree-range,chickenintheselectionorarrangementoftheplace,theremustbeawarenessofenvironmentalprotectionandpeople-orientedconcept.Atthetimeofplanning,tochickenproductionandpeople'slivingenvironment,environmentandfarmwastedisposalaspectscoordinatedandorganizedonanequalstatus,itshouldberunthroughthedesign,constructionandproductionofthreeaspectsoftheentire41 2.3LED产业链结构LED产业链结构和具体情况如图3-4所示。图2-4:LED产业链结构资料来源:LEDInside在LED的产业链中,外延片和芯片的生长是LED的关键技术,利润也最大。为了生产外延片,需要蓝宝石、硅和碳化硅作为衬底材料。LED的生产流程分为两大部分:首先在衬底上制作外延片,这个过程主要是在金属有机化学气相沉积外延片炉(MOCVD)中完成的。准备好制作外延片所需的材料源和各种高纯的气体之后,按照工艺的要求就可以逐步把外延片做好。然后是对LEDPN结的两个电极进行加工,电极加工也是制作LED芯片的关键工序,包括清洗、蒸镀、黄光、化学蚀刻、熔合、研磨;然后对LED毛片进行划片、测试和分选,就可以制作成所需的LED芯片。LED产业上下游各环节差异很大,上游产品技术难度高、进入门槛高,从而毛利率高,约占行业70%的利润;中游和下游产品技术难度低、缺乏核心技术、进入门槛低、竞争激烈,从而中游的封装环节约占10~20%environment.Inchickendietscomposedofgrainfeedclassanditsby-productsaccountforaconsiderableproportion.Suchhightotalphosphoruscontentinfeed,butmostofits(65%~80%)combinationofphosphorusandphyticacid(phytate),poultrylowphyticacidphosphorusutilizationcapacity.Accordingtoreports,youngbirdsofphytatephosphorusutilizationisabout30%,adultbirdsisabout50%.Thus,phosphorusinplantfeedstuffsalonecannotmeettheneedsofpoultrywouldhavetoaddinorganicphosphorussources(mainlycalciumhydrogenphosphate,bonemeal,fishmeal,meatandbonemealalsofallintothiscategory),andtotalphosphorusinthedietincreased.Today'slackofinorganicphosphorussourcesthroughouttheworld,hasbecomethethirdmoreexpensivefeedingredientsinfeedcosts,1gramofinorganicphosphoruspricesfarbeyondthepriceof1gofhighqualityprotein.Increasedfeedcostsontheonehand,anddischargelargeamountsofphosphorusfromthewaste,causingseriousenvironmentalpollution.WhenusedinpoultryfeedingwhenhighlevelofCuandZn,significantlyincreasingthefecalexcretionofcopperandzinc.Regardlessofbreedingsize,orfree-range,chickenintheselectionorarrangementoftheplace,theremustbeawarenessofenvironmentalprotectionandpeople-orientedconcept.Atthetimeofplanning,tochickenproductionandpeople'slivingenvironment,environmentandfarmwastedisposalaspectscoordinatedandorganizedonanequalstatus,itshouldberunthroughthedesign,constructionandproductionofthreeaspectsoftheentire41 的利润,下游的LED应用约占10~20%。图3-5为LED产业链微笑曲线,以毛利率表示。图2-5:LED产业链微笑曲线;LED产业在全球已经形成了一套完整的产业链,美国、日本、欧洲、中国台湾和韩国的企业数量众多,主要集中在衬底、外延片、芯片以及封装领域。真正具备实力从事LED产业链上全业务的公司比较少,主要是美国、日本及韩国的龙头企业。近年来,我国LED产业发展迅速,在国家政策的支持和下游应用需求的带动下,产生了一些有代表性的企业,国内LED产业链正在崛起。表2-1是LED产业链各个环节代表性企业。表2-1:LED产业链各个环节的代表性企业产业链环节海外和台湾企业 内地企业上游衬底Nichia、ToyodaGosei、Rohm、Cree 晶能光电、奥瑞德外延片Gelcore、Lumileds、Osram 大连路明、三安光电、联创光电、华电光电子芯片Nichia、ToyodaGosei、Rohm、Cree、Gelcore、Lumileds、Osram、HP、Samsung、KNK、光磊、晶电、晶元 三安光电、上海蓝宝、上海蓝光、方大科技、联创光电、大连路美中游封装Nichia、Rohm、Citizen、Toshiba、Osram、Samsung、Sharp、Philips 大连路明、福日电子、联创健和、奥拓电子、艾比特下游应用光宝科技、佰鸿工业、亿光电子 environment.Inchickendietscomposedofgrainfeedclassanditsby-productsaccountforaconsiderableproportion.Suchhightotalphosphoruscontentinfeed,butmostofits(65%~80%)combinationofphosphorusandphyticacid(phytate),poultrylowphyticacidphosphorusutilizationcapacity.Accordingtoreports,youngbirdsofphytatephosphorusutilizationisabout30%,adultbirdsisabout50%.Thus,phosphorusinplantfeedstuffsalonecannotmeettheneedsofpoultrywouldhavetoaddinorganicphosphorussources(mainlycalciumhydrogenphosphate,bonemeal,fishmeal,meatandbonemealalsofallintothiscategory),andtotalphosphorusinthedietincreased.Today'slackofinorganicphosphorussourcesthroughouttheworld,hasbecomethethirdmoreexpensivefeedingredientsinfeedcosts,1gramofinorganicphosphoruspricesfarbeyondthepriceof1gofhighqualityprotein.Increasedfeedcostsontheonehand,anddischargelargeamountsofphosphorusfromthewaste,causingseriousenvironmentalpollution.WhenusedinpoultryfeedingwhenhighlevelofCuandZn,significantlyincreasingthefecalexcretionofcopperandzinc.Regardlessofbreedingsize,orfree-range,chickenintheselectionorarrangementoftheplace,theremustbeawarenessofenvironmentalprotectionandpeople-orientedconcept.Atthetimeofplanning,tochickenproductionandpeople'slivingenvironment,environmentandfarmwastedisposalaspectscoordinatedandorganizedonanequalstatus,itshouldberunthroughthedesign,constructionandproductionofthreeaspectsoftheentire41 LED的核心技术是高亮度LED的外延生长和芯片制造技术,其制造技术的发展水平直接决定了LED行业的产业结构和市场地位。当前,美国、日本等在核心器件的原材料和器件设计上具有技术优势,处于世界领先水平。其中日本的日亚化学和丰田合成、美国的Cree、德国的Orsram技术领先地位尤为突出。在产业链的上游,包括外延片生长技术和芯片制造,核心技术和设备都由国外厂商垄断。目前LED外延片生长技术主要采用MOCVD,是LED照明产业链上影响产品质量、降低成本最关键的核心装备。目前,每台MOCVD设备价钱大约为2000万元,世界范围内能够生产这一设备的企业也不过3到5家。世界上最大的两家MOCVD生产商为德国的AIXTRON和美国的VEECO,它们占据全球MOCVD供应市场90%以上的市场份额,处于垄断地位。2.4国内LED产业链情况中国LED企业虽然数量比较多,但大多数企业规模小、技术实力较弱、资金匮乏,主要面向中低市场,产品利润较低,面临着欧洲、美国和日本等大公司的挤压,但是近几年来发展迅速。2000年前的国内LED年增长率为30%以上,2000年到2006年,年增长率为15%左右,2007年到2008年增幅超过40%。2009年10月12日,国家发改委、科技部、工业和信息化部等六部委联合制定《半导体照明节能产业发展意见》,提出以下发展目标:到2015年,半导体照明节能产业产值年均增长率在30%左右;产品市场占有率逐年提高,功能性照明达到20%左右,液晶背光源达到50%以上,景观装饰等产品市场占有率达到70%以上;企业自主创新能力明显增强,大型MOCVD装备、关键原材料以及70%以上的芯片实现国产化,上游芯片规模化生产企业3-5家;产业集中度显著提高,拥有自主品牌、较大市场影响力的骨干龙头企业10家左右;初步建立半导体照明标准体系;实现年节电400亿千瓦时,相当于年减排二氧化碳4000万吨。environment.Inchickendietscomposedofgrainfeedclassanditsby-productsaccountforaconsiderableproportion.Suchhightotalphosphoruscontentinfeed,butmostofits(65%~80%)combinationofphosphorusandphyticacid(phytate),poultrylowphyticacidphosphorusutilizationcapacity.Accordingtoreports,youngbirdsofphytatephosphorusutilizationisabout30%,adultbirdsisabout50%.Thus,phosphorusinplantfeedstuffsalonecannotmeettheneedsofpoultrywouldhavetoaddinorganicphosphorussources(mainlycalciumhydrogenphosphate,bonemeal,fishmeal,meatandbonemealalsofallintothiscategory),andtotalphosphorusinthedietincreased.Today'slackofinorganicphosphorussourcesthroughouttheworld,hasbecomethethirdmoreexpensivefeedingredientsinfeedcosts,1gramofinorganicphosphoruspricesfarbeyondthepriceof1gofhighqualityprotein.Increasedfeedcostsontheonehand,anddischargelargeamountsofphosphorusfromthewaste,causingseriousenvironmentalpollution.WhenusedinpoultryfeedingwhenhighlevelofCuandZn,significantlyincreasingthefecalexcretionofcopperandzinc.Regardlessofbreedingsize,orfree-range,chickenintheselectionorarrangementoftheplace,theremustbeawarenessofenvironmentalprotectionandpeople-orientedconcept.Atthetimeofplanning,tochickenproductionandpeople'slivingenvironment,environmentandfarmwastedisposalaspectscoordinatedandorganizedonanequalstatus,itshouldberunthroughthedesign,constructionandproductionofthreeaspectsoftheentire41 《半导体照明节能产业发展意见》为我国LED产业链的快速发展创造了更为良好的政策环境。在政策的支持和下游需求的支撑下,国内LED产业链正在崛起。来自国家半导体照明工程研发及产业联盟消息,2009年,我国芯片产值较2008年增长25%,达到23亿元;LED封装产值为204亿元;半导体照明应用在摆脱金融危机的影响后,逆势增长30%以上,达到600亿元。2009年我国LED产业总规模共计827亿元。国内LED产业链相关企业见图2-6。图2-6:中国大陆LED产业链相关企业(包含合资和外资)我国LED产业的地区分布较为集中,基本分布在长三角、珠三角、北方地区、闽三角、西三角群聚地和西湖-徽聚集地等地区,有利用实现产业化经营,以取得就近配套与终端市场优势。同时,在国家半导体照明工程推动下,我国建立了上海、厦门、大连、南昌、深圳、扬州和石家庄7个基地;另外,宁波、广州、武汉、重庆、哈尔滨、西安等城市也都成立了地方产业联盟、促进中心、商会等行业组织,我国半导体照明产业的发展具备了一定自发协调能力和机制。图2-7为中国LED产业地区分布。environment.Inchickendietscomposedofgrainfeedclassanditsby-productsaccountforaconsiderableproportion.Suchhightotalphosphoruscontentinfeed,butmostofits(65%~80%)combinationofphosphorusandphyticacid(phytate),poultrylowphyticacidphosphorusutilizationcapacity.Accordingtoreports,youngbirdsofphytatephosphorusutilizationisabout30%,adultbirdsisabout50%.Thus,phosphorusinplantfeedstuffsalonecannotmeettheneedsofpoultrywouldhavetoaddinorganicphosphorussources(mainlycalciumhydrogenphosphate,bonemeal,fishmeal,meatandbonemealalsofallintothiscategory),andtotalphosphorusinthedietincreased.Today'slackofinorganicphosphorussourcesthroughouttheworld,hasbecomethethirdmoreexpensivefeedingredientsinfeedcosts,1gramofinorganicphosphoruspricesfarbeyondthepriceof1gofhighqualityprotein.Increasedfeedcostsontheonehand,anddischargelargeamountsofphosphorusfromthewaste,causingseriousenvironmentalpollution.WhenusedinpoultryfeedingwhenhighlevelofCuandZn,significantlyincreasingthefecalexcretionofcopperandzinc.Regardlessofbreedingsize,orfree-range,chickenintheselectionorarrangementoftheplace,theremustbeawarenessofenvironmentalprotectionandpeople-orientedconcept.Atthetimeofplanning,tochickenproductionandpeople'slivingenvironment,environmentandfarmwastedisposalaspectscoordinatedandorganizedonanequalstatus,itshouldberunthroughthedesign,constructionandproductionofthreeaspectsoftheentire41 图2-7:中国LED产业地区分布从产业结构上看,中国仍旧是封装产业占据最大比重,2009年,封装产业产值占到LED产业产值的87.6%。但随着政府大力扶持上游外延、芯片产业的发展,一方面投资者看好LED市场发展潜力,对于外延、芯片环节的投资力度不断提升。另一方面,现有外延、芯片生产企业也正在积极扩大产能。在新投资带动以及企业扩产的带动下,中国外延、芯片产业持续保持了较快的发展,在产业中所占比重也逐步提升。2009年,中国LED外延产业规模达到7亿元,占整体产业的3.2%;芯片产业规模达到19.3亿元,占整体产业的8.8%。而衬底产业则受限于技术等方面的原因,产业发展较为缓慢。图2-9为2009中国LED市场结构。图2-8:2009中国LED产业市场结构environment.Inchickendietscomposedofgrainfeedclassanditsby-productsaccountforaconsiderableproportion.Suchhightotalphosphoruscontentinfeed,butmostofits(65%~80%)combinationofphosphorusandphyticacid(phytate),poultrylowphyticacidphosphorusutilizationcapacity.Accordingtoreports,youngbirdsofphytatephosphorusutilizationisabout30%,adultbirdsisabout50%.Thus,phosphorusinplantfeedstuffsalonecannotmeettheneedsofpoultrywouldhavetoaddinorganicphosphorussources(mainlycalciumhydrogenphosphate,bonemeal,fishmeal,meatandbonemealalsofallintothiscategory),andtotalphosphorusinthedietincreased.Today'slackofinorganicphosphorussourcesthroughouttheworld,hasbecomethethirdmoreexpensivefeedingredientsinfeedcosts,1gramofinorganicphosphoruspricesfarbeyondthepriceof1gofhighqualityprotein.Increasedfeedcostsontheonehand,anddischargelargeamountsofphosphorusfromthewaste,causingseriousenvironmentalpollution.WhenusedinpoultryfeedingwhenhighlevelofCuandZn,significantlyincreasingthefecalexcretionofcopperandzinc.Regardlessofbreedingsize,orfree-range,chickenintheselectionorarrangementoftheplace,theremustbeawarenessofenvironmentalprotectionandpeople-orientedconcept.Atthetimeofplanning,tochickenproductionandpeople'slivingenvironment,environmentandfarmwastedisposalaspectscoordinatedandorganizedonanequalstatus,itshouldberunthroughthedesign,constructionandproductionofthreeaspectsoftheentire41 第一章LED细分行业分析3.1外延片制造核心设备MOCVDMOCVD(Metal-OrganicChemicalVaporDeposition,金属有机物化学气相淀积),是1968年美国洛克威尔公司提出来的一项制备化合物半导体单品薄膜的新技术。该设备集精密机械、半导体材料、真空电子、流体力学、光学、化学、计算机多学科为一体,是一种自动化程度高、价格昂贵、技术集成度高的尖端光电子专用设备,主要用于GaN(氮化镓)系半导体材料的外延生长和蓝色、绿色或紫外发光二极管芯片的制造,也是光电子行业最有发展前途的专用设备之一。德国的AIXTRON和美国的VEECO公司占据全球MOCVD供应市场90%以上的市场份额。从VLSI研究机构2008年4月份和GartnerDataquest研究机构2009年5月份的市场调研报告获悉,2008年AIXTRON公司的全球市场份额大约为72%,VEECO公司的全球市场份额大约为19%。在过去一年中,MOCVD设备需求突然暴增,也让VEECO有机会抢下AIXTRON的订单。依据Gartner研究机构在2010年3月发布的信息获知,AIXTRON公司的MOCVD产品市场份额为68%。由于最近一年下游应用的液晶电视及照明用LED需求急剧扩大,造成上游的外延片和芯片严重短缺,各LED芯片厂商加紧采购MOCVD设备扩大产能。为了满足市场需求,Veeco正在积极扩充产能,2010年1季度的单季度产能为45台,第2季产能约为70台,第3季将扩充到90台,第4季将提升到120台,2010年Veeco能够达到年产300台MOCVD的产能规模。估计,2011年该公司的MOCVD生产能力,至少可以和2010年第4季度一样的规模,2011年产能规模可达到约480台。2010年1月8日,国内首台自主研发的MOCVD设备在广东昭信半导体装备制造有限公司成功下线。一旦国产MOCVD设备实现产业化并推向市场,将使LED芯片生产投资成本大大降低,给国内LEDenvironment.Inchickendietscomposedofgrainfeedclassanditsby-productsaccountforaconsiderableproportion.Suchhightotalphosphoruscontentinfeed,butmostofits(65%~80%)combinationofphosphorusandphyticacid(phytate),poultrylowphyticacidphosphorusutilizationcapacity.Accordingtoreports,youngbirdsofphytatephosphorusutilizationisabout30%,adultbirdsisabout50%.Thus,phosphorusinplantfeedstuffsalonecannotmeettheneedsofpoultrywouldhavetoaddinorganicphosphorussources(mainlycalciumhydrogenphosphate,bonemeal,fishmeal,meatandbonemealalsofallintothiscategory),andtotalphosphorusinthedietincreased.Today'slackofinorganicphosphorussourcesthroughouttheworld,hasbecomethethirdmoreexpensivefeedingredientsinfeedcosts,1gramofinorganicphosphoruspricesfarbeyondthepriceof1gofhighqualityprotein.Increasedfeedcostsontheonehand,anddischargelargeamountsofphosphorusfromthewaste,causingseriousenvironmentalpollution.WhenusedinpoultryfeedingwhenhighlevelofCuandZn,significantlyincreasingthefecalexcretionofcopperandzinc.Regardlessofbreedingsize,orfree-range,chickenintheselectionorarrangementoftheplace,theremustbeawarenessofenvironmentalprotectionandpeople-orientedconcept.Atthetimeofplanning,tochickenproductionandpeople'slivingenvironment,environmentandfarmwastedisposalaspectscoordinatedandorganizedonanequalstatus,itshouldberunthroughthedesign,constructionandproductionofthreeaspectsoftheentire41 产业带来巨大影响,国内甚至国外的LED封装产品价格将大大下降。3.2LED芯片以及外延片LED的核心技术是高亮度LED的外延生长和芯片制造技术,具有较高的技术含量和附加值,是典型的技术密集型和资本密集型产业,该领域一直是业内公司竞相攀登的行业高地。当前,美国、日本等在核心器件的原材料和器件设计上具有技术优势,处于世界领先水平,其中日本的日亚化学和丰田合成、美国的Cree、德国的Orsram在世界半导体照明专利市场上暂时处于技术垄断地位。在销售额和市场份额方面,这些大公司也具有绝对领先位置。表3-1是近年全球LED厂商销售额排名。表3-1:近年全球LED厂商销售额排名排名企业2009年营业收入(百万美元)2008年营业收入(百万美元)1Nichia123313212OSRAM5875553CREE5434934SamsungLED5161885晶电3973136ToyodaGosei3312047SemoulSemi3192588Lumileds2602139LGINNOTEK2061010东芝20218211光磊16919712Sharp15014213鼎元81 14三安光电783115ROHM768016广镓686117璨圆654418隆达63 19华上457620泰谷4130environment.Inchickendietscomposedofgrainfeedclassanditsby-productsaccountforaconsiderableproportion.Suchhightotalphosphoruscontentinfeed,butmostofits(65%~80%)combinationofphosphorusandphyticacid(phytate),poultrylowphyticacidphosphorusutilizationcapacity.Accordingtoreports,youngbirdsofphytatephosphorusutilizationisabout30%,adultbirdsisabout50%.Thus,phosphorusinplantfeedstuffsalonecannotmeettheneedsofpoultrywouldhavetoaddinorganicphosphorussources(mainlycalciumhydrogenphosphate,bonemeal,fishmeal,meatandbonemealalsofallintothiscategory),andtotalphosphorusinthedietincreased.Today'slackofinorganicphosphorussourcesthroughouttheworld,hasbecomethethirdmoreexpensivefeedingredientsinfeedcosts,1gramofinorganicphosphoruspricesfarbeyondthepriceof1gofhighqualityprotein.Increasedfeedcostsontheonehand,anddischargelargeamountsofphosphorusfromthewaste,causingseriousenvironmentalpollution.WhenusedinpoultryfeedingwhenhighlevelofCuandZn,significantlyincreasingthefecalexcretionofcopperandzinc.Regardlessofbreedingsize,orfree-range,chickenintheselectionorarrangementoftheplace,theremustbeawarenessofenvironmentalprotectionandpeople-orientedconcept.Atthetimeofplanning,tochickenproductionandpeople'slivingenvironment,environmentandfarmwastedisposalaspectscoordinatedandorganizedonanequalstatus,itshouldberunthroughthedesign,constructionandproductionofthreeaspectsoftheentire41 但是,中国LED芯片产业发展迅速,根据国家半导体照明工程研发及产业联盟统计,我国LED芯片产值由2006年的10.5亿元人民币增长到2009年的23亿元人民币,增长119%,年复合增长率30%。2009年前7名企业LED外延芯片的销售都超过了1亿元人民币,前5名的销售额都超过了1.5亿元人民币。图3-1:2009年中国LED芯片产业竞争格局在企业数量方面,到2009年8月,中国大陆生产LED芯片的企业达62家,分布在15个省/直辖市,其中广东、福建芯片企业数量最多,广东有10个占16.1%,福建有8个占12.9%。如果按城市来看,中国大陆有31个城市进入LED芯片行业,整体分布较为分散。7个国家半导体照明产业化基地厦门、上海、深圳、大连、石家庄、南昌、扬州的LED芯片企业合计25个占40%。表3-2:2009年中国大陆LED芯片企业一览表地区企业广东东莞福地、东莞高辉、东莞洲磊、深圳世纪晶源、深圳方大国科、深圳奥伦德、深圳鼎友、广州普光、广州晶科电子、广东鹤山银雨福建三安光电、乾照光电、厦门安美、厦门晶宇、厦门明达、泉州和谐、广州晶蓝、福建福日科environment.Inchickendietscomposedofgrainfeedclassanditsby-productsaccountforaconsiderableproportion.Suchhightotalphosphoruscontentinfeed,butmostofits(65%~80%)combinationofphosphorusandphyticacid(phytate),poultrylowphyticacidphosphorusutilizationcapacity.Accordingtoreports,youngbirdsofphytatephosphorusutilizationisabout30%,adultbirdsisabout50%.Thus,phosphorusinplantfeedstuffsalonecannotmeettheneedsofpoultrywouldhavetoaddinorganicphosphorussources(mainlycalciumhydrogenphosphate,bonemeal,fishmeal,meatandbonemealalsofallintothiscategory),andtotalphosphorusinthedietincreased.Today'slackofinorganicphosphorussourcesthroughouttheworld,hasbecomethethirdmoreexpensivefeedingredientsinfeedcosts,1gramofinorganicphosphoruspricesfarbeyondthepriceof1gofhighqualityprotein.Increasedfeedcostsontheonehand,anddischargelargeamountsofphosphorusfromthewaste,causingseriousenvironmentalpollution.WhenusedinpoultryfeedingwhenhighlevelofCuandZn,significantlyincreasingthefecalexcretionofcopperandzinc.Regardlessofbreedingsize,orfree-range,chickenintheselectionorarrangementoftheplace,theremustbeawarenessofenvironmentalprotectionandpeople-orientedconcept.Atthetimeofplanning,tochickenproductionandpeople'slivingenvironment,environmentandfarmwastedisposalaspectscoordinatedandorganizedonanequalstatus,itshouldberunthroughthedesign,constructionandproductionofthreeaspectsoftheentire41 江西联创光电、江西晶能、廊坊清芯光电、江西方大福科上海上海蓝宝、上海蓝光、上海大晨、上海宇体、上海起鼎辽宁大连路美、沈阳方大、大连晶田、大连巨能河北河北汇能、河北立德、河北同辉、河北秦皇岛鹏远、河北荣毅新能源江苏扬州华夏、扬州汉光、镇江奥雷、无锡联欣远、无锡盛德丰湖北武汉迪源、武汉华灿、武汉元茂、武汉光谷先进浙江杭州士兰微、宁波光磊、温州通领、温州里安中远山东山东华光、山东璨圆、济宁蓝光、青岛世纪晶源、青岛澳龙北京北京长电智源、北京同方、北京睿源天津天津三安甘肃甘肃新天电子陕西西安中为、西安华新丽华湖南湖南华磊资料来源:LEDInside在技术方面,芯片的国产率不断提高,2009年国产GaN芯片国产率提高到46%,国内量产的小功率芯片已经达到120lm/W、功率型芯片80-100lm/W与国际产业化水平更加接近。我国自主知识产权的Si衬底芯片光效达到70lm/W,并实现规模化生产。国产芯片性能的提升,在显示屏、信号灯、户外照明、中小尺寸背光源等高端应用领域获得了认可,同时大功率芯片的性能也得到大幅提升,与国外技术水平相差不远。表3-3:2009年12月国内外功率型白光LED技术指标对比分类发光频率显色指数目前国内产业水平90-100>80“十五”末国内产业水平30-40>70韩国、我国台湾地区110>80美国、日本、欧洲120>80environment.Inchickendietscomposedofgrainfeedclassanditsby-productsaccountforaconsiderableproportion.Suchhightotalphosphoruscontentinfeed,butmostofits(65%~80%)combinationofphosphorusandphyticacid(phytate),poultrylowphyticacidphosphorusutilizationcapacity.Accordingtoreports,youngbirdsofphytatephosphorusutilizationisabout30%,adultbirdsisabout50%.Thus,phosphorusinplantfeedstuffsalonecannotmeettheneedsofpoultrywouldhavetoaddinorganicphosphorussources(mainlycalciumhydrogenphosphate,bonemeal,fishmeal,meatandbonemealalsofallintothiscategory),andtotalphosphorusinthedietincreased.Today'slackofinorganicphosphorussourcesthroughouttheworld,hasbecomethethirdmoreexpensivefeedingredientsinfeedcosts,1gramofinorganicphosphoruspricesfarbeyondthepriceof1gofhighqualityprotein.Increasedfeedcostsontheonehand,anddischargelargeamountsofphosphorusfromthewaste,causingseriousenvironmentalpollution.WhenusedinpoultryfeedingwhenhighlevelofCuandZn,significantlyincreasingthefecalexcretionofcopperandzinc.Regardlessofbreedingsize,orfree-range,chickenintheselectionorarrangementoftheplace,theremustbeawarenessofenvironmentalprotectionandpeople-orientedconcept.Atthetimeofplanning,tochickenproductionandpeople'slivingenvironment,environmentandfarmwastedisposalaspectscoordinatedandorganizedonanequalstatus,itshouldberunthroughthedesign,constructionandproductionofthreeaspectsoftheentire41 LED芯片产业将面临极大的发展机遇,正处于朝阳时期。根据iSuppli的预测,由于下游各领域的市场需求明显超过供应水平,在未来三年内,预计LED市场将会出现两位数的增长。如果今后几年额外的产能仍不能满足日益增长的需求,LED芯片将可能会出现严重的供不应求。目前我国LED芯片的产能还远不能满足行业发展的需要,尤其是高端芯片,仍然需要大量从国外进口。据国家半导体照明工程研发及产业联盟统计,2009年我国LED芯片的国产化率虽有所提升,达到了49%,其中国产小功率GaN芯片国产化率只有41%,而功率型GaN芯片国产化率仍不到20%。2009年10月,国家发改委等六部委联合制定并发布的《半导体照明节能产业发展意见》明确地提出:到2015年,半导体照明节能产业产值年均增长率在30%左右;产品市场占有率逐年提高,功能性照明达到20%左右,液晶背光源达到50%以上,景观装饰等产品市场占有率达到70%以上;企业自主创新能力明显增强,大型MOCVD装备、关键原材料以及70%以上的芯片实现国产化,上游芯片规模化生产企业3-5家。随着LED下游行业的快速发展、金融危机影响的逐步减弱、国家政策的大力扶持,国内LED芯片企业将获得一个良好的经营环境,预计未来几年,国内LED芯片企业的产能将处于一个快速增长时期。同时随着LED行业的不断成熟,中国大陆的LED芯片产能也将不断释放,LED行业的景气将吸引更多的企业进入到LED芯片行业中来。3.3LED封装产业根据研究机构LEDinside统计,2009年全球LED封装厂的营业收入总和达到80.5亿美元,比2008年增长5%。如果按地区来看,日本厂商的市场占有率最高,但呈现逐年下降趋势;台湾厂商的市场占有率为17%,排名第2,呈逐年上升趋势;韩国厂商的市场占有率由2008年的9%窜升到2009年的15%,位居全球第3。近几年,随着中国大陆封装企业及其产能的快速扩张,中国大陆封装产业的全球市场占有率稳步上升,2009年市场占有率为11%。environment.Inchickendietscomposedofgrainfeedclassanditsby-productsaccountforaconsiderableproportion.Suchhightotalphosphoruscontentinfeed,butmostofits(65%~80%)combinationofphosphorusandphyticacid(phytate),poultrylowphyticacidphosphorusutilizationcapacity.Accordingtoreports,youngbirdsofphytatephosphorusutilizationisabout30%,adultbirdsisabout50%.Thus,phosphorusinplantfeedstuffsalonecannotmeettheneedsofpoultrywouldhavetoaddinorganicphosphorussources(mainlycalciumhydrogenphosphate,bonemeal,fishmeal,meatandbonemealalsofallintothiscategory),andtotalphosphorusinthedietincreased.Today'slackofinorganicphosphorussourcesthroughouttheworld,hasbecomethethirdmoreexpensivefeedingredientsinfeedcosts,1gramofinorganicphosphoruspricesfarbeyondthepriceof1gofhighqualityprotein.Increasedfeedcostsontheonehand,anddischargelargeamountsofphosphorusfromthewaste,causingseriousenvironmentalpollution.WhenusedinpoultryfeedingwhenhighlevelofCuandZn,significantlyincreasingthefecalexcretionofcopperandzinc.Regardlessofbreedingsize,orfree-range,chickenintheselectionorarrangementoftheplace,theremustbeawarenessofenvironmentalprotectionandpeople-orientedconcept.Atthetimeofplanning,tochickenproductionandpeople'slivingenvironment,environmentandfarmwastedisposalaspectscoordinatedandorganizedonanequalstatus,itshouldberunthroughthedesign,constructionandproductionofthreeaspectsoftheentire41 图3-2:2009年全球LED封装市场份额(按地区)以个别厂商营业收入来看,较早进入大尺寸背光市场的LED供应商,营业收入在金融危机中逆势成长,例如韩国的SamsungLED、首尔半导体、日本的丰田合成等厂商。在营业收入排名上,2009年日本的日亚化学仍居全球第1名,其次是德国的OSRAM与美国的CREE等传统LED企业,台湾的光宝和亿光也都进入前10名。前10大封装公司2009年营业收入总计52亿,剩下的其它公司2009年营业收入总和为28.5亿。表3-4:2009全球封装企业营业收入排名排名企业2009年营业收入2008年营业收入1Nichia12.1913.592OSRAM7.248.053CREE6.164.954SamsungLED5.161.885Lumileds4.24.266SemoulSemi3.922.577Stantely3.4638Everylight3.423.519ToyodaGosei3.222.1410Lite-On3.033.36数据来源:LEDInsideenvironment.Inchickendietscomposedofgrainfeedclassanditsby-productsaccountforaconsiderableproportion.Suchhightotalphosphoruscontentinfeed,butmostofits(65%~80%)combinationofphosphorusandphyticacid(phytate),poultrylowphyticacidphosphorusutilizationcapacity.Accordingtoreports,youngbirdsofphytatephosphorusutilizationisabout30%,adultbirdsisabout50%.Thus,phosphorusinplantfeedstuffsalonecannotmeettheneedsofpoultrywouldhavetoaddinorganicphosphorussources(mainlycalciumhydrogenphosphate,bonemeal,fishmeal,meatandbonemealalsofallintothiscategory),andtotalphosphorusinthedietincreased.Today'slackofinorganicphosphorussourcesthroughouttheworld,hasbecomethethirdmoreexpensivefeedingredientsinfeedcosts,1gramofinorganicphosphoruspricesfarbeyondthepriceof1gofhighqualityprotein.Increasedfeedcostsontheonehand,anddischargelargeamountsofphosphorusfromthewaste,causingseriousenvironmentalpollution.WhenusedinpoultryfeedingwhenhighlevelofCuandZn,significantlyincreasingthefecalexcretionofcopperandzinc.Regardlessofbreedingsize,orfree-range,chickenintheselectionorarrangementoftheplace,theremustbeawarenessofenvironmentalprotectionandpeople-orientedconcept.Atthetimeofplanning,tochickenproductionandpeople'slivingenvironment,environmentandfarmwastedisposalaspectscoordinatedandorganizedonanequalstatus,itshouldberunthroughthedesign,constructionandproductionofthreeaspectsoftheentire41 LED封装具有技术密集型和劳动密集型的特点,由于中国大陆具有成本优势和迅速扩大的LED应用市场,国际及台湾封装厂商纷纷到大陆投资建厂,以取得就近配套与终端市场优势,使得中国大陆的LED封装产业得以持续快速的增长,也使得中国大陆成为全球重要的LED封装基地,这不仅扩大了中国大陆LED封装在世界LED封装领域的市场占有率,同时也提升了中国大陆厂商的LED封装技术,加速了整个产业的快速发展。2002~2006年,中国LED封装产量年均复合增长率为27.2%。赛迪顾问预计,2007~2011年,中国LED封装产量年均复合增长率约为19.3%。据中国光学光电子行业协会统计,2009年我国LED封装器件产能约占全球的60%,LED应用产品的产值增长率超过30%,产量已经跃居世界首位。2009年,我国LED封装产值达到204亿元,较2008年的185亿元增长10%;产量则由2008年的940亿只增加10%,达到1056亿只。目前,我国LED封装技术得到较快发展,LED封装品种齐全。相对于较高进入壁垒的外延和芯片领域,中国大陆的LED封装产业最具竞争力、最具规模,技术水平也最接近国际先进水平。从产品结构来看,国内LED市场有较大改善,SMDLED和大功率LED封装增长较快。图3-3:中国大陆LED封装市场规模及增长率我国封装产业初步形成了珠江三角洲、长江三角洲及福建地区等三大environment.Inchickendietscomposedofgrainfeedclassanditsby-productsaccountforaconsiderableproportion.Suchhightotalphosphoruscontentinfeed,butmostofits(65%~80%)combinationofphosphorusandphyticacid(phytate),poultrylowphyticacidphosphorusutilizationcapacity.Accordingtoreports,youngbirdsofphytatephosphorusutilizationisabout30%,adultbirdsisabout50%.Thus,phosphorusinplantfeedstuffsalonecannotmeettheneedsofpoultrywouldhavetoaddinorganicphosphorussources(mainlycalciumhydrogenphosphate,bonemeal,fishmeal,meatandbonemealalsofallintothiscategory),andtotalphosphorusinthedietincreased.Today'slackofinorganicphosphorussourcesthroughouttheworld,hasbecomethethirdmoreexpensivefeedingredientsinfeedcosts,1gramofinorganicphosphoruspricesfarbeyondthepriceof1gofhighqualityprotein.Increasedfeedcostsontheonehand,anddischargelargeamountsofphosphorusfromthewaste,causingseriousenvironmentalpollution.WhenusedinpoultryfeedingwhenhighlevelofCuandZn,significantlyincreasingthefecalexcretionofcopperandzinc.Regardlessofbreedingsize,orfree-range,chickenintheselectionorarrangementoftheplace,theremustbeawarenessofenvironmentalprotectionandpeople-orientedconcept.Atthetimeofplanning,tochickenproductionandpeople'slivingenvironment,environmentandfarmwastedisposalaspectscoordinatedandorganizedonanequalstatus,itshouldberunthroughthedesign,constructionandproductionofthreeaspectsoftheentire41 LED密集区域,正在成为世界重要的LED封装基地。预计未来5-10年内,珠三角、长三角、福建等地区将会成为世界LED封装中心。environment.Inchickendietscomposedofgrainfeedclassanditsby-productsaccountforaconsiderableproportion.Suchhightotalphosphoruscontentinfeed,butmostofits(65%~80%)combinationofphosphorusandphyticacid(phytate),poultrylowphyticacidphosphorusutilizationcapacity.Accordingtoreports,youngbirdsofphytatephosphorusutilizationisabout30%,adultbirdsisabout50%.Thus,phosphorusinplantfeedstuffsalonecannotmeettheneedsofpoultrywouldhavetoaddinorganicphosphorussources(mainlycalciumhydrogenphosphate,bonemeal,fishmeal,meatandbonemealalsofallintothiscategory),andtotalphosphorusinthedietincreased.Today'slackofinorganicphosphorussourcesthroughouttheworld,hasbecomethethirdmoreexpensivefeedingredientsinfeedcosts,1gramofinorganicphosphoruspricesfarbeyondthepriceof1gofhighqualityprotein.Increasedfeedcostsontheonehand,anddischargelargeamountsofphosphorusfromthewaste,causingseriousenvironmentalpollution.WhenusedinpoultryfeedingwhenhighlevelofCuandZn,significantlyincreasingthefecalexcretionofcopperandzinc.Regardlessofbreedingsize,orfree-range,chickenintheselectionorarrangementoftheplace,theremustbeawarenessofenvironmentalprotectionandpeople-orientedconcept.Atthetimeofplanning,tochickenproductionandpeople'slivingenvironment,environmentandfarmwastedisposalaspectscoordinatedandorganizedonanequalstatus,itshouldberunthroughthedesign,constructionandproductionofthreeaspectsoftheentire41 第一章LED应用以及市场分析LED有着广阔的应用空间,广泛应用于指示灯、LCD屏幕背光源、景观照明、通用照明、大型显示屏、交通信号灯、汽车照明应用等领域,并将逐步取代传统的照明方式,进入大众日常生活的方方面面。特别是在笔记本电脑、液晶电视、路灯、汽车、商业照明等领域,LED产品的渗透率和出货量的增长速度将不断加快。近几年LED的发展得益于LED背光应用,从而导致了LED芯片供应的紧张。事实上,LED作为新型光显示、光存储、光照明、光探测的核心器件,可以促进上千亿美元的产业链形成。图4-1:2009中国LED应用领域分布资料来源:LEDInsideenvironment.Inchickendietscomposedofgrainfeedclassanditsby-productsaccountforaconsiderableproportion.Suchhightotalphosphoruscontentinfeed,butmostofits(65%~80%)combinationofphosphorusandphyticacid(phytate),poultrylowphyticacidphosphorusutilizationcapacity.Accordingtoreports,youngbirdsofphytatephosphorusutilizationisabout30%,adultbirdsisabout50%.Thus,phosphorusinplantfeedstuffsalonecannotmeettheneedsofpoultrywouldhavetoaddinorganicphosphorussources(mainlycalciumhydrogenphosphate,bonemeal,fishmeal,meatandbonemealalsofallintothiscategory),andtotalphosphorusinthedietincreased.Today'slackofinorganicphosphorussourcesthroughouttheworld,hasbecomethethirdmoreexpensivefeedingredientsinfeedcosts,1gramofinorganicphosphoruspricesfarbeyondthepriceof1gofhighqualityprotein.Increasedfeedcostsontheonehand,anddischargelargeamountsofphosphorusfromthewaste,causingseriousenvironmentalpollution.WhenusedinpoultryfeedingwhenhighlevelofCuandZn,significantlyincreasingthefecalexcretionofcopperandzinc.Regardlessofbreedingsize,orfree-range,chickenintheselectionorarrangementoftheplace,theremustbeawarenessofenvironmentalprotectionandpeople-orientedconcept.Atthetimeofplanning,tochickenproductionandpeople'slivingenvironment,environmentandfarmwastedisposalaspectscoordinatedandorganizedonanequalstatus,itshouldberunthroughthedesign,constructionandproductionofthreeaspectsoftheentire41 4.1LED应用:照明LED照明较普通照明具备了节能、响应时间短、使用时间长、绿色环保等优势,决定了它是最理想的替代光源。目前其使用成本偏高,其大力推广受到了制约,但是随着LED成本的逐步降低,同时在各国政府致力推广节能政策、全球范围内逐步淘汰白炽灯的推动下,LED照明将带来巨大的发展机遇。LED照明应用市场主要可分为建筑物外观照明、景观照明、交通信号照明、室内空间展示照明、娱乐场所及舞台照明、车辆指示灯照明灯。表4-1:LED照明和传统照明的比较2009年全球照明市场产值约730亿美元,LED照明市场产值仅24亿美元,LED照明渗透率仅3.3%。LED照明产业状况,随着各别国家的电费与补助政策不同,而会呈现不一样的状况。目前以日本、德国等国家因为电费相对其他区域高,因此对于导入高效能的LED照明应用进度相对其他国家迅速。而在LED照明应用别上头,白炽灯泡即将于2012年禁用,因此庞大的白炽灯泡取代市场给了LED照明厂商庞大的商机。LED灯泡等替换市场将是所有照明应用中成长最为迅速的应用别。LEDinside估计LED灯泡产值占传统灯泡市场的渗透率,将于2014年达到三成以上。LEDinside表示,随着白炽灯泡的禁用,10W以下的LED灯泡商机涌现。依现阶段照明占全球电力消耗的比重达19%,耗能总量达到2651TWH。如果能够将现有的光源替换成节能光源,预计将可以省下30%environment.Inchickendietscomposedofgrainfeedclassanditsby-productsaccountforaconsiderableproportion.Suchhightotalphosphoruscontentinfeed,butmostofits(65%~80%)combinationofphosphorusandphyticacid(phytate),poultrylowphyticacidphosphorusutilizationcapacity.Accordingtoreports,youngbirdsofphytatephosphorusutilizationisabout30%,adultbirdsisabout50%.Thus,phosphorusinplantfeedstuffsalonecannotmeettheneedsofpoultrywouldhavetoaddinorganicphosphorussources(mainlycalciumhydrogenphosphate,bonemeal,fishmeal,meatandbonemealalsofallintothiscategory),andtotalphosphorusinthedietincreased.Today'slackofinorganicphosphorussourcesthroughouttheworld,hasbecomethethirdmoreexpensivefeedingredientsinfeedcosts,1gramofinorganicphosphoruspricesfarbeyondthepriceof1gofhighqualityprotein.Increasedfeedcostsontheonehand,anddischargelargeamountsofphosphorusfromthewaste,causingseriousenvironmentalpollution.WhenusedinpoultryfeedingwhenhighlevelofCuandZn,significantlyincreasingthefecalexcretionofcopperandzinc.Regardlessofbreedingsize,orfree-range,chickenintheselectionorarrangementoftheplace,theremustbeawarenessofenvironmentalprotectionandpeople-orientedconcept.Atthetimeofplanning,tochickenproductionandpeople'slivingenvironment,environmentandfarmwastedisposalaspectscoordinatedandorganizedonanequalstatus,itshouldberunthroughthedesign,constructionandproductionofthreeaspectsoftheentire41 能源消耗。若再进一步将节能光源与感测器、智能电网等相关应用作结合,预计还可以再节省30%的能源消耗。如果到2030年能够节省50%的能耗,相当于减少20亿桶的石油的二氧化碳排放量。随着各国政府节能政策的推进以及LED照明技术的不断完善,未来市场对半导体照明的需求会逐年增大。2009年全球LED照明产值达到25亿美元,预测未来五年LED照明产值年复合成长率为38%。就LED路灯市场方面,2009年全球LED路灯装臵数量约61万盏,预估2010年LED路灯的装臵;数量约87万盏。2009年中国地区LED路灯装臵数量约25万盏,预估至2010中国LED路灯市场将增长60%达到40万盏以上的规模。图4-2:全球LED商用照明市场规模及增长率预测目前,国内生产的LED芯片无论是在可靠性还是在光效方面可以满足室内照明和中小尺寸背光源的需求,但是还不能满足高端产品的需要。国内大企业开始大力介入半导体照明产业,产业投资力度明显加大。据公开资料统计,2009年全国各地LED项目总投资额(包括计划投资额)已超过200亿元,多家上市公司通过收购或募集资金投入进入半导体照明领域,也有多家半导体照明企业积极准备上市以募集资金扩大规模。2010年,中国LED照明产业产值将超过1500亿元,较2008年翻倍。预计最快在2015年,LED在中国照明市场的占有率将达到20%environment.Inchickendietscomposedofgrainfeedclassanditsby-productsaccountforaconsiderableproportion.Suchhightotalphosphoruscontentinfeed,butmostofits(65%~80%)combinationofphosphorusandphyticacid(phytate),poultrylowphyticacidphosphorusutilizationcapacity.Accordingtoreports,youngbirdsofphytatephosphorusutilizationisabout30%,adultbirdsisabout50%.Thus,phosphorusinplantfeedstuffsalonecannotmeettheneedsofpoultrywouldhavetoaddinorganicphosphorussources(mainlycalciumhydrogenphosphate,bonemeal,fishmeal,meatandbonemealalsofallintothiscategory),andtotalphosphorusinthedietincreased.Today'slackofinorganicphosphorussourcesthroughouttheworld,hasbecomethethirdmoreexpensivefeedingredientsinfeedcosts,1gramofinorganicphosphoruspricesfarbeyondthepriceof1gofhighqualityprotein.Increasedfeedcostsontheonehand,anddischargelargeamountsofphosphorusfromthewaste,causingseriousenvironmentalpollution.WhenusedinpoultryfeedingwhenhighlevelofCuandZn,significantlyincreasingthefecalexcretionofcopperandzinc.Regardlessofbreedingsize,orfree-range,chickenintheselectionorarrangementoftheplace,theremustbeawarenessofenvironmentalprotectionandpeople-orientedconcept.Atthetimeofplanning,tochickenproductionandpeople'slivingenvironment,environmentandfarmwastedisposalaspectscoordinatedandorganizedonanequalstatus,itshouldberunthroughthedesign,constructionandproductionofthreeaspectsoftheentire41 ,带动产业规模达5000亿元,中国将进入全球LED照明市场前三强,这是照明企业的机会,也是中国LED芯片企业的机会。4.2LED应用:显示屏LED显示屏采用了低电压扫描驱动,具有耗电省、使用寿命长、成本低、亮度高、视角大、可视距离远、防水、规格品种多等优点,可以满足各种不同应用场景的需求,发展前景非常广阔,被公认为最具增长潜力也是发展最快的LED应用市场。LED显示屏的应用范围主要集中在户外广告、体育场馆、交通信息屏、展览演出、金融网点、车站等场合。目前全球至少有150家厂商生产全彩屏,主要集中在日本、北美、欧洲和台湾地区,其中产品齐全、规模较大的公司约有30家,国际著名LED显示屏厂商有比利时的巴可(Barco)、美国的达科Daktronics和香港兆光科技(LighthouseTechnologies)等。2006年到2008年间,LED显示屏的增长速度维持在18%左右。由于金融危机的影响,2009年LED显示屏规模大幅较之前略有下降。预计2010-2012年,全球LED显示屏的市场规模将逐年增加至111.66亿美元。图4-3:近年全球LED显示屏市场规模environment.Inchickendietscomposedofgrainfeedclassanditsby-productsaccountforaconsiderableproportion.Suchhightotalphosphoruscontentinfeed,butmostofits(65%~80%)combinationofphosphorusandphyticacid(phytate),poultrylowphyticacidphosphorusutilizationcapacity.Accordingtoreports,youngbirdsofphytatephosphorusutilizationisabout30%,adultbirdsisabout50%.Thus,phosphorusinplantfeedstuffsalonecannotmeettheneedsofpoultrywouldhavetoaddinorganicphosphorussources(mainlycalciumhydrogenphosphate,bonemeal,fishmeal,meatandbonemealalsofallintothiscategory),andtotalphosphorusinthedietincreased.Today'slackofinorganicphosphorussourcesthroughouttheworld,hasbecomethethirdmoreexpensivefeedingredientsinfeedcosts,1gramofinorganicphosphoruspricesfarbeyondthepriceof1gofhighqualityprotein.Increasedfeedcostsontheonehand,anddischargelargeamountsofphosphorusfromthewaste,causingseriousenvironmentalpollution.WhenusedinpoultryfeedingwhenhighlevelofCuandZn,significantlyincreasingthefecalexcretionofcopperandzinc.Regardlessofbreedingsize,orfree-range,chickenintheselectionorarrangementoftheplace,theremustbeawarenessofenvironmentalprotectionandpeople-orientedconcept.Atthetimeofplanning,tochickenproductionandpeople'slivingenvironment,environmentandfarmwastedisposalaspectscoordinatedandorganizedonanequalstatus,itshouldberunthroughthedesign,constructionandproductionofthreeaspectsoftheentire41 根据赛迪顾问的研究报告,2004-2007年中国LED显示屏市场需求量一直保持30%以上的增长率,2008年,受到金融危机的影响,LED显示屏市场需求量的增长率有所下降,但仍保持在25%。预计2009-2011年中国显示屏用LED市场需求量年均复合增长率为19.9%,至2011年需求量将达到246.8亿只。在“国家半导体照明工程”的推动下,形成了上海、大连、南昌、厦门和深圳等国家半导体照明工程产业化基地。从产业布局上,我国LED显示屏产业主要集中在华东和华南地区,这两个地区的产业总体规模占到全国的60%以上,这一趋势近两年将更为明显。从产业内企业群体的分布看,我国的LED显示屏产业经过发展,基本形成了一批具有一定规模的骨干企业。预计2012到我国LED显示屏规模可达195.41亿元,2010-2012年复合增长率高达23%以上,成为LED应用产业最为稳定的增长点。4.3LED应用:背光源LED背光源不仅包括小尺寸背光源、也包括中大尺寸背光源,其中小尺寸背光主要是应用于手机、数码相机、摄像机、MP3、MP4、PDA等;中大尺寸背光源主要用于笔记本电脑、显示器和液晶电视等。目前LED作为手机等小尺寸背光源已经十分普及,可以说LED已经成功地占领了小尺寸液晶背光源市场。目前,LED正在向中大尺寸背光源快速渗透和扩张。DisplaySearch估计2009年LED背光在笔记本的渗透率将达到52%,同时在2010年还将快速成长到81%。在液晶电视方面,DisplaySearch估计2009年采用LED背光出货量为360万片,占所有液晶电视约3%比率,估计到了2010年出货将成长达1500万片,市场占有率达10%;在显示器方面,2012年将有约3千1百万片显示器面板采用LED背光。environment.Inchickendietscomposedofgrainfeedclassanditsby-productsaccountforaconsiderableproportion.Suchhightotalphosphoruscontentinfeed,butmostofits(65%~80%)combinationofphosphorusandphyticacid(phytate),poultrylowphyticacidphosphorusutilizationcapacity.Accordingtoreports,youngbirdsofphytatephosphorusutilizationisabout30%,adultbirdsisabout50%.Thus,phosphorusinplantfeedstuffsalonecannotmeettheneedsofpoultrywouldhavetoaddinorganicphosphorussources(mainlycalciumhydrogenphosphate,bonemeal,fishmeal,meatandbonemealalsofallintothiscategory),andtotalphosphorusinthedietincreased.Today'slackofinorganicphosphorussourcesthroughouttheworld,hasbecomethethirdmoreexpensivefeedingredientsinfeedcosts,1gramofinorganicphosphoruspricesfarbeyondthepriceof1gofhighqualityprotein.Increasedfeedcostsontheonehand,anddischargelargeamountsofphosphorusfromthewaste,causingseriousenvironmentalpollution.WhenusedinpoultryfeedingwhenhighlevelofCuandZn,significantlyincreasingthefecalexcretionofcopperandzinc.Regardlessofbreedingsize,orfree-range,chickenintheselectionorarrangementoftheplace,theremustbeawarenessofenvironmentalprotectionandpeople-orientedconcept.Atthetimeofplanning,tochickenproductionandpeople'slivingenvironment,environmentandfarmwastedisposalaspectscoordinatedandorganizedonanequalstatus,itshouldberunthroughthedesign,constructionandproductionofthreeaspectsoftheentire41 图4-4:大尺寸LED背光源产品渗透率预测研究机构DisplayBank的2009年12月调查结果显示,2009年全球LED电视出货量为320万台,并将于2010年达到2,590万台,未来几年将呈现爆发式增长,到2013年出货量将达到1.29亿台。图4-5:全球LED液晶电视出货量预测数据来源:DisplayBankenvironment.Inchickendietscomposedofgrainfeedclassanditsby-productsaccountforaconsiderableproportion.Suchhightotalphosphoruscontentinfeed,butmostofits(65%~80%)combinationofphosphorusandphyticacid(phytate),poultrylowphyticacidphosphorusutilizationcapacity.Accordingtoreports,youngbirdsofphytatephosphorusutilizationisabout30%,adultbirdsisabout50%.Thus,phosphorusinplantfeedstuffsalonecannotmeettheneedsofpoultrywouldhavetoaddinorganicphosphorussources(mainlycalciumhydrogenphosphate,bonemeal,fishmeal,meatandbonemealalsofallintothiscategory),andtotalphosphorusinthedietincreased.Today'slackofinorganicphosphorussourcesthroughouttheworld,hasbecomethethirdmoreexpensivefeedingredientsinfeedcosts,1gramofinorganicphosphoruspricesfarbeyondthepriceof1gofhighqualityprotein.Increasedfeedcostsontheonehand,anddischargelargeamountsofphosphorusfromthewaste,causingseriousenvironmentalpollution.WhenusedinpoultryfeedingwhenhighlevelofCuandZn,significantlyincreasingthefecalexcretionofcopperandzinc.Regardlessofbreedingsize,orfree-range,chickenintheselectionorarrangementoftheplace,theremustbeawarenessofenvironmentalprotectionandpeople-orientedconcept.Atthetimeofplanning,tochickenproductionandpeople'slivingenvironment,environmentandfarmwastedisposalaspectscoordinatedandorganizedonanequalstatus,itshouldberunthroughthedesign,constructionandproductionofthreeaspectsoftheentire41 4.4LED行业未来需求预测(1)未来成本会不断下降,并推升LED的应用需求扩张LED芯片价格的降低首先要降低LED外延片的成本,而降低外延成本需要从良率及产能同时着手。MOCVD设备的可靠性主要从平均故障间隔时间(MTBF)、平均清洁间隔时间(MTBC)、平均修复时间(MTTR)三个方面考量,同时设备间匹配性和线上工艺控制是量产的关键。Veeco大中华区总经理王克扬指出,Veeco将通过MOCVD良率、工艺和架构改善,使2014年高亮度LED外延的成本同2009年相比降低至少四倍。2009年高亮度LED外延片的成本1美元/平方厘米,2014年将下降至0.2美元/平方厘米。就像半导体行业的摩尔定律一样,LED行业也有一个Haitz定律。根据Haitz定律,LED亮度每年增加约35%,而成本下降约20%。2010年3月,SEMI全球副总裁ThomasMorrow指出,在往后的10年内,预计亮度可以再提升20倍,而成本将降至现有的1/10。LED成本下降还会通过以下技术进步获得:良率的提高;使用更大尺寸的衬底(现在主流是2寸,今年逐步转向4寸,12年会是6寸);发光效率提高(芯片和封装都还有很大的改进余地),使得单位流明的成本价格下降。此外,随着一些大的厂商规模效益的体现,开工率的提高,单位成本也会下降。图4-6:白光LED发光效率以及成本预测资料来源:Nomuraenvironment.Inchickendietscomposedofgrainfeedclassanditsby-productsaccountforaconsiderableproportion.Suchhightotalphosphoruscontentinfeed,butmostofits(65%~80%)combinationofphosphorusandphyticacid(phytate),poultrylowphyticacidphosphorusutilizationcapacity.Accordingtoreports,youngbirdsofphytatephosphorusutilizationisabout30%,adultbirdsisabout50%.Thus,phosphorusinplantfeedstuffsalonecannotmeettheneedsofpoultrywouldhavetoaddinorganicphosphorussources(mainlycalciumhydrogenphosphate,bonemeal,fishmeal,meatandbonemealalsofallintothiscategory),andtotalphosphorusinthedietincreased.Today'slackofinorganicphosphorussourcesthroughouttheworld,hasbecomethethirdmoreexpensivefeedingredientsinfeedcosts,1gramofinorganicphosphoruspricesfarbeyondthepriceof1gofhighqualityprotein.Increasedfeedcostsontheonehand,anddischargelargeamountsofphosphorusfromthewaste,causingseriousenvironmentalpollution.WhenusedinpoultryfeedingwhenhighlevelofCuandZn,significantlyincreasingthefecalexcretionofcopperandzinc.Regardlessofbreedingsize,orfree-range,chickenintheselectionorarrangementoftheplace,theremustbeawarenessofenvironmentalprotectionandpeople-orientedconcept.Atthetimeofplanning,tochickenproductionandpeople'slivingenvironment,environmentandfarmwastedisposalaspectscoordinatedandorganizedonanequalstatus,itshouldberunthroughthedesign,constructionandproductionofthreeaspectsoftheentire41 图4-7:暖白光LED发光效率及成本预测资料来源:Nomura由此可见,随着LED技术的不断进步、发光效率的提高、以及成本的快速下降,必将进一步推动LED在各个领域的应用步伐,LED的需求将会快速扩张,超出人们的预期。(2)部分LED产品价格在供不应求的情况下小幅上涨LED的价格长期内会随着技术进步而不断下降,但短期来看,由于下游电视背光源市场的爆发式增长,今年LED市场呈现供不应求的情况,部分产品甚至出现了价格的上涨。LEDinside认为,尽管LED价格每季度都会有5%到10%降幅,但是2010年二季度的LED背光应用由于旺季度需求,加上大尺寸应用如LED背光电视的持续放量,挤压供给,使原本就呈现供给吃紧的上游材料,如蓝宝石基板、MO气体,供给更为吃紧,更扩大供需差距。在中小尺寸面板应用,包括手机和笔记本等,更是史无前例的摆脱季节性降价压力,在二季度价格持平,单价约在0.04美元到0.1美元之间。而在大尺寸面板应用方面,则由于厂商的策略考量,呈现约3%的微幅下降,单价在0.13美元到0.2美元。至于2010年二季度的照明应用大功率LED,由于市场前景看好,在厂商加大投资与扩产的效应下,使得价格出现跌幅,本季度主流规格100lm/W左右的产品,跌幅约在12%environment.Inchickendietscomposedofgrainfeedclassanditsby-productsaccountforaconsiderableproportion.Suchhightotalphosphoruscontentinfeed,butmostofits(65%~80%)combinationofphosphorusandphyticacid(phytate),poultrylowphyticacidphosphorusutilizationcapacity.Accordingtoreports,youngbirdsofphytatephosphorusutilizationisabout30%,adultbirdsisabout50%.Thus,phosphorusinplantfeedstuffsalonecannotmeettheneedsofpoultrywouldhavetoaddinorganicphosphorussources(mainlycalciumhydrogenphosphate,bonemeal,fishmeal,meatandbonemealalsofallintothiscategory),andtotalphosphorusinthedietincreased.Today'slackofinorganicphosphorussourcesthroughouttheworld,hasbecomethethirdmoreexpensivefeedingredientsinfeedcosts,1gramofinorganicphosphoruspricesfarbeyondthepriceof1gofhighqualityprotein.Increasedfeedcostsontheonehand,anddischargelargeamountsofphosphorusfromthewaste,causingseriousenvironmentalpollution.WhenusedinpoultryfeedingwhenhighlevelofCuandZn,significantlyincreasingthefecalexcretionofcopperandzinc.Regardlessofbreedingsize,orfree-range,chickenintheselectionorarrangementoftheplace,theremustbeawarenessofenvironmentalprotectionandpeople-orientedconcept.Atthetimeofplanning,tochickenproductionandpeople'slivingenvironment,environmentandfarmwastedisposalaspectscoordinatedandorganizedonanequalstatus,itshouldberunthroughthedesign,constructionandproductionofthreeaspectsoftheentire41 左右,降价幅度大于一般背光应用产品。预计2010年三季度,LED在材料供给渐趋稳定及大尺寸背光应用的需求持续影响下,价格滑落的压力有限。然而在照明应用的高功率LED部分,则由于各大厂商有新产能开出,预计其价格调降压力仍将大于背光应用的LED产品。(3)下游需求非常强劲,近两年看背光源,12年后看通用照明伴随着LED户外广告牌与LED背光快速增长,DisplaySearch预估到2012年LED出货量将达到1670亿颗,在显示领域方面的应用,LED户外广告牌估计约240亿颗,LED背光将达340亿颗,合计占所有LED出货量得34.7%。而未来LED需求的再次爆发式增长来自照明市场。LEDinside预估2010年到2011年将是LED商用照明快速成长与普及的两个年头,而LED在家用照明的应用起飞则要等到2011年、2012年以后,特别是2012年是个关键年。2010年LED光源在照明市场的渗透率可望达到3.7%,从2009年到2013年将有32%的年复合成长率。由于各国政府致力推广节能政策,加上LED照明成本逐渐下降,有助激励节能商机,LED产业研究机构LEDinside表示,随着全球白炽灯泡禁用时间表的临近,LED照明将在未来几年成为主流市场。图4-8:全球禁用白炽灯时间表StrategiesUnlimited认为,由于大尺寸面板LED背光产品和LEDenvironment.Inchickendietscomposedofgrainfeedclassanditsby-productsaccountforaconsiderableproportion.Suchhightotalphosphoruscontentinfeed,butmostofits(65%~80%)combinationofphosphorusandphyticacid(phytate),poultrylowphyticacidphosphorusutilizationcapacity.Accordingtoreports,youngbirdsofphytatephosphorusutilizationisabout30%,adultbirdsisabout50%.Thus,phosphorusinplantfeedstuffsalonecannotmeettheneedsofpoultrywouldhavetoaddinorganicphosphorussources(mainlycalciumhydrogenphosphate,bonemeal,fishmeal,meatandbonemealalsofallintothiscategory),andtotalphosphorusinthedietincreased.Today'slackofinorganicphosphorussourcesthroughouttheworld,hasbecomethethirdmoreexpensivefeedingredientsinfeedcosts,1gramofinorganicphosphoruspricesfarbeyondthepriceof1gofhighqualityprotein.Increasedfeedcostsontheonehand,anddischargelargeamountsofphosphorusfromthewaste,causingseriousenvironmentalpollution.WhenusedinpoultryfeedingwhenhighlevelofCuandZn,significantlyincreasingthefecalexcretionofcopperandzinc.Regardlessofbreedingsize,orfree-range,chickenintheselectionorarrangementoftheplace,theremustbeawarenessofenvironmentalprotectionandpeople-orientedconcept.Atthetimeofplanning,tochickenproductionandpeople'slivingenvironment,environmentandfarmwastedisposalaspectscoordinatedandorganizedonanequalstatus,itshouldberunthroughthedesign,constructionandproductionofthreeaspectsoftheentire41 照明设备的需求大增,使2009年高亮度LED市场市值成长5%,并促使高亮度LED市场急速成长。预计2014年,全球对LED的需求量将超过2,000亿颗,是2009年总需求量的近4倍。据Philips预测,2009年全球通用照明市场的价值630~700亿美元(450~500亿欧元),其中照明装臵及应用占70%,灯占20%。居民使用占50%左右,接下来是办公、户外、工厂、商业和医院(酒店)各占10%左右。主要的六项应用占了95%。BunsekiKobo(致力于LED和照明市场研究的公司)估计2009年照明市场大约为630亿美元,其中美国占25%左右,欧洲占21%,中国占18%。09年全球通用LED照明市场约为14亿美元,约占照明市场的2%,渗透率还很低。未来5年是LED发展的黄金期。Philips认为LED照明的渗透率2015年达到50%,2020年达到80%。从日常灯光使用时间来看,家庭用照明使用时间最短,商业和工业用的时间最长。所以,商业照明替换的动力更强,需求也会更早爆发。户外、商业、工业、医疗健康等占的比重达到照明市场的40%,这些领域如果要替换的话,LED的需求已经非常大,毕竟目前的渗透率只有2%。家用照明市场的替换也会随着成本的下降和照明效率的提高而逐步进入大规模替换。目前户外、工业、商业等照明市场替代已经在逐步展开,而家用照明市场由于成本比较敏感,爆发的时点还不太确定,要看未来技术进步和成本下降的情况。但我们认为LED替代传统照明是不可避免的趋势,只是替代时间的问题,我们估计这种替代不会很遥远,预计2012年随着各国白炽灯禁用的相继实施,照明市场需求将全面爆发。environment.Inchickendietscomposedofgrainfeedclassanditsby-productsaccountforaconsiderableproportion.Suchhightotalphosphoruscontentinfeed,butmostofits(65%~80%)combinationofphosphorusandphyticacid(phytate),poultrylowphyticacidphosphorusutilizationcapacity.Accordingtoreports,youngbirdsofphytatephosphorusutilizationisabout30%,adultbirdsisabout50%.Thus,phosphorusinplantfeedstuffsalonecannotmeettheneedsofpoultrywouldhavetoaddinorganicphosphorussources(mainlycalciumhydrogenphosphate,bonemeal,fishmeal,meatandbonemealalsofallintothiscategory),andtotalphosphorusinthedietincreased.Today'slackofinorganicphosphorussourcesthroughouttheworld,hasbecomethethirdmoreexpensivefeedingredientsinfeedcosts,1gramofinorganicphosphoruspricesfarbeyondthepriceof1gofhighqualityprotein.Increasedfeedcostsontheonehand,anddischargelargeamountsofphosphorusfromthewaste,causingseriousenvironmentalpollution.WhenusedinpoultryfeedingwhenhighlevelofCuandZn,significantlyincreasingthefecalexcretionofcopperandzinc.Regardlessofbreedingsize,orfree-range,chickenintheselectionorarrangementoftheplace,theremustbeawarenessofenvironmentalprotectionandpeople-orientedconcept.Atthetimeofplanning,tochickenproductionandpeople'slivingenvironment,environmentandfarmwastedisposalaspectscoordinatedandorganizedonanequalstatus,itshouldberunthroughthedesign,constructionandproductionofthreeaspectsoftheentire41 第一章LED行业相关上市公司目前,国内LED企业数量较多,形成了较为完整的产业链,相关上市公司有20多家。表5-1:LED相关上市公司上市代码公司产业链环节LED相关业务002005德豪润达全产业链LED芯片、封装和应用600100同方股份全产业链上游LED外延片、芯片生产至下游LED照明、背光源等应用的整个产业链600460士兰微全产业链LED外延片、芯片,主要为蓝绿光,未来欲进入LED照明、液晶屏的LED背光等领域600363联创光电全产业链从LED外延片、芯片、器件、到全彩显示屏、背光源、半导体照明光源及灯具等应用产品的较完整的产业链000055方大集团全产业链从LED外延片、芯片、封装、萦光粉到半导体照明应用产品开发、制造直至终端市场推广应用的完整产业链600703三安光电上游全色系高亮度LED外延片和芯片600060乾照光电上游红黄光LED芯片600509天富热电上游碳化硅及碳化硅芯片000021长城开发上游LED外延片和芯片600330天通股份上游LED用蓝宝石基板002449国星光电中游LED封装002241歌尔声学中游LED封装300115长盈精密中游LED光电支架002008大族激光中下游LED封装设备(固晶机、分光机、灌胶机、焊线机、装带机等)、LED封装和LED应用002197证通电子下游LED路灯002052同洲电子下游LED显示屏000725京东方下游26英寸、32英寸LED背光源液晶电视面板,以及47英寸全高清LED背光超薄(25mm)液晶电视模组environment.Inchickendietscomposedofgrainfeedclassanditsby-productsaccountforaconsiderableproportion.Suchhightotalphosphoruscontentinfeed,butmostofits(65%~80%)combinationofphosphorusandphyticacid(phytate),poultrylowphyticacidphosphorusutilizationcapacity.Accordingtoreports,youngbirdsofphytatephosphorusutilizationisabout30%,adultbirdsisabout50%.Thus,phosphorusinplantfeedstuffsalonecannotmeettheneedsofpoultrywouldhavetoaddinorganicphosphorussources(mainlycalciumhydrogenphosphate,bonemeal,fishmeal,meatandbonemealalsofallintothiscategory),andtotalphosphorusinthedietincreased.Today'slackofinorganicphosphorussourcesthroughouttheworld,hasbecomethethirdmoreexpensivefeedingredientsinfeedcosts,1gramofinorganicphosphoruspricesfarbeyondthepriceof1gofhighqualityprotein.Increasedfeedcostsontheonehand,anddischargelargeamountsofphosphorusfromthewaste,causingseriousenvironmentalpollution.WhenusedinpoultryfeedingwhenhighlevelofCuandZn,significantlyincreasingthefecalexcretionofcopperandzinc.Regardlessofbreedingsize,orfree-range,chickenintheselectionorarrangementoftheplace,theremustbeawarenessofenvironmentalprotectionandpeople-orientedconcept.Atthetimeofplanning,tochickenproductionandpeople'slivingenvironment,environmentandfarmwastedisposalaspectscoordinatedandorganizedonanequalstatus,itshouldberunthroughthedesign,constructionandproductionofthreeaspectsoftheentire41 000541佛山照明下游LED灯,包括:反风形大功率LED射灯、LED日光灯-T8-20W、LED球泡-7W、LED面板灯-1230、LED面板灯-6060000100TCL下游LED电视600261浙江阳光下游LED照明600060海信电器下游LED电视600171上海贝岭下游LED驱动电路:LED背光驱动电路、液晶屏背光驱动、升压型LED背光/照明驱动电路、萦光灯驱动等002384东山精密下游LED电视背光源、LED路灯、LED室内照明和LED投射灯推荐重点关注的上市公司包括:三安光电、士兰微、浙江阳光、同方股份和德豪润达等。environment.Inchickendietscomposedofgrainfeedclassanditsby-productsaccountforaconsiderableproportion.Suchhightotalphosphoruscontentinfeed,butmostofits(65%~80%)combinationofphosphorusandphyticacid(phytate),poultrylowphyticacidphosphorusutilizationcapacity.Accordingtoreports,youngbirdsofphytatephosphorusutilizationisabout30%,adultbirdsisabout50%.Thus,phosphorusinplantfeedstuffsalonecannotmeettheneedsofpoultrywouldhavetoaddinorganicphosphorussources(mainlycalciumhydrogenphosphate,bonemeal,fishmeal,meatandbonemealalsofallintothiscategory),andtotalphosphorusinthedietincreased.Today'slackofinorganicphosphorussourcesthroughouttheworld,hasbecomethethirdmoreexpensivefeedingredientsinfeedcosts,1gramofinorganicphosphoruspricesfarbeyondthepriceof1gofhighqualityprotein.Increasedfeedcostsontheonehand,anddischargelargeamountsofphosphorusfromthewaste,causingseriousenvironmentalpollution.WhenusedinpoultryfeedingwhenhighlevelofCuandZn,significantlyincreasingthefecalexcretionofcopperandzinc.Regardlessofbreedingsize,orfree-range,chickenintheselectionorarrangementoftheplace,theremustbeawarenessofenvironmentalprotectionandpeople-orientedconcept.Atthetimeofplanning,tochickenproductionandpeople'slivingenvironment,environmentandfarmwastedisposalaspectscoordinatedandorganizedonanequalstatus,itshouldberunthroughthedesign,constructionandproductionofthreeaspectsoftheentire41
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