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1、毕业论文（设计）外文翻译EvolutionoftheFranchiseinEnglandandtheUnitedStates*ByHUGHP.WILLIAMSONONEOFTHEMOSTSIGNIFICANTmeasuresofthedegreeandqualityoffreedominanypoliticalunitistheextentofthefranchiseinit.Whenapeopleiswhollydeprivedofpoliticalself-determinationitsbondageisabsol
2、ute.Whenalloftherational,responsiblepersonsinasocietyhavetherighttoexercisethefranchiseanddoso,thatsocietyhasgonefarinachievingforitsmemberstheultimateinpoliticalfreedom.Sincethefinalobjectiveofdemocraticgovernmentiscompletedemocracy,wecanprofitbyknowinghowfarwe,
3、anEnglish-speakingnation,havecomefromouroriginalpositionofalmostcompletepoliticalbondage;howfarwestandtodayfromtheattainmentofthemaximumamountofpoliticalfreedompossibleinasocialorganization;andwhatourpositioniswithrelationtothesetwoextremes.Tomeasureourprogresswi
4、threspecttopoliticalfreedomwemuststudytheevolutionofthefranchiseinourowngovernment,andinthatofEngland,ourprincipalpoliticalprogenitor.Toobtainaproperperspective,andtoviewtheprocessofpoliticalevolutioninitsnaturalsequence,weshouldlookatthesecondfirst.HistoryoftheF
5、ranchiseinEnglandTHEPOLITICALHISTORYofEngland,priortothesigningofMagnaCartabyKingJohnintheyear1215,isthestoryofalmostconstantstrifebetweenwarriorsandtheirpoliticalfactionsforsovereigntyandjurisdiction,withtheoccasionalemergenceofoneamongthemstrongenoughtocommanda
6、sullen,restive,temporaryobediencefromtheremainder.SuchamanwasWilliamtheConqueror,whodiedin1085.SuchamanwasKingJohnbeforehispartialrenunciationofpoweratRunnymede.Until1215allpoliticalauthorityexercisedinEnglandwaspersonal,arbitraryandcapricious.Politicalfreedomfor
7、theindividualscarcelyexistedsaveashecouldwrestitfromanotherbyforceofarms.ForthemassesofpeopleinEnglandthesigningoftheGreatCharterdidnothingdirectlyandimmediately.Itgavesomepowersformerlyheldbythekingtothenobles.ItalsosetupaGreatCouncilcomposedofbishops,barons,and
8、largelandowners.Thegenerallyunderstoodfunctionofthiscouncilwastoconferwiththekingonpublicissues,assisthimindefendingtherealm,andaidhiminraisingrevenue.Thiscoun
