初中化学全册知识讲解及练习

初中化学全册知识讲解及练习

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时间:2023-05-22

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44ᓄ9ᵬ¡5gNᨔ*᪆.ᑮ9¥9¥¡5g᪆2gᨔ*.ᑮ9¦஺XᑡÈÎ_`ḄCD9ᵬ¡ᨔ*᪆ᡠÃÏfj⛳K99¥¡ᨵᨔ*᪆ᡠÃ9¦Ïf⛳K9஺9¥ᨵ8okok⛳K9okj⛳K9஺Aஹ9ᵬef⛳K9Bஹ9¥efj⛳K9Cஹ9¥K9¦Ḅ9gᑖᦪokбDஹ9¦»Ñ¡5g᪆Ḅᨔ*okᜧG2g9ஹXᑡ#^_`ḄABÓ#$ᔲ⛳K!᝱஺9:=ᭆbḄ9ᑺgÕ100Ö஺9:=ÕᨵᓫØÖ஺Aஹᙠef<=7ᱥᙠ⛳K9Kj⛳K9Ḅ9:=ÐrḄBஹ20࠷50g9:lOgNaClḄ9:=}20gCஹ9:=§¨ḄÛÜeÝ⊤ßef<=KefgḄ9ᑺ69:9ḄgDஹ20࠷à⏚iḄ9:=}31.610ஹXᑡHCᵨä¯åᵨæ²^çᑴw9ḄAⅅqḄ9:=é<=ᓣ>Äᜧ஺êëᓄ┛Ḅ9:=é<=Ḅᓣ>஺íîḄ9:=é<=-ᓄjᜧ஺)*Ḅ9:=é<=ᓣ>A஺

45AஹᵨGdᕡḄqBஹðᜋᵨḄIᮞòCஹóᑴôõḄíîDஹöᜩøᑴù11ஹᨵ9gᑖᦪ}20%Ḅî⏚100g,©¡ᣵ2g9ᑺNᒕXḄî⏚9Ḅ9gᑖᦪC┯ý:^î⏚99gᑖᦪ=100gX20%4-100g-2gX100%>20%ᑖ᪆⏚ᐹᨵᢵឋo஺Aஹᜧ!20%Bஹ$!20%Cஹ!20%Dஹ'()*12ஹ+,-ᵨ/011.84g/cm3Ḅ:;⏚<ᑴ500gᑖᦪ120%Ḅ@;⏚஺ABCᡠ◤:;⏚ḄFGHI1JᑡL(M)ḄNCAஹO◤⌕QRSḄ/011g/cm3BஹO◤QR20%Ḅ@;⏚Ḅ/011.14g/cm3CஹO◤QR/011.84g/cm3Ḅ:;⏚Ḅᑖᦪ198%Dஹ⚪VᩩXᐙᑖZ◤⊡ᐙᐸ]ᦪ^13ஹᢥ`aᡠbḄAஹBஹCdeᱥg0hijk120࠷deᱥḄg0ᵫᜧᑮ᣸ᑡpqNCBA,ᢥgឋstuv!᧕ᱥ஺᧕ஹxஹyஹzফ60࠷u}ᨵ100gSḄAஹBஹCdeᱥḄ⛳20࠷ᨵᨔF᪆ḄNABᐸV᪆NA'ᨔF᪆ḄNCo

4614ஹᑴḄeFᱥḄg0hi᝞aᡠb:(1)30࠷ᵬᱥḄg130go(2)ᵫaOxḄᨵজᵬᱥḄg00ᓣ℉ᜧ¡ঝ£ᱥḄg00ᓣ¤ᓄZᜧ¡ঞᵬஹ£eᱥḄg0§$¡ট⌕©ᵬᱥªV«ᨔ¬ᵨᓾ⛳Ḅ¯(¡ঠ⌕©£ᱥªV«ᨔx¬ᵨ±ᑺḄ¯(¡ডᵬᱥV}ᨵ´£ᱥx¬ᵨᓾ⛳«ᨔ(ᩭ¶·ᵬᱥ஺15ஹ¸ᙠº»¼½¾¿uÀÁÂÃᙠSVḄgḄÄ᳛஺(1)ªHÀÆᑮḄxÀÁÂÃᙠSVḄgÄ᳛Ḅ¾¿VᑏᐸVḄd⚗É⚜Ë̾¿ÍÃḄgÄ᳛ḄÁÂ஺¾¿Î0HḄ⚜ËN0ᓣ(Ï)ÃgÐ(᠒)஺¾¿ÒᨔF⚩ÔᜧHḄ⚜ËNÃ⚩ÔÕgÕÐ஺¾¿dᤅ×HḄ⚜ËNᤅ×ÀÐÃḄg஺ªHᡠᑡ¾¿V⌱ÎÙÚÛ+,,ÜHḄ⚜ËHḄ+,ÝᫀNᤅ×ÁÂ஺ᙠÙßàVᔜâᐭ50mlSᑖåæç2g⚩Ôᜧ§èḄÃèâéßàVᙠÎÙßàVᤅ×êëÉìíÙßàVḄÃîᐰgᡠ◤ð஺16ஹᙠ+,-<ᑴñòóôJÛõজæஹç¡ঝÛö¡ঞ±«ᨔஹ÷ø¡টBC¡ঠg஺ᢥ⌕ùjkJᑡú⚪পüèýᵨ10g}ᩖ10%ḄÃ(ᩖZ!S)±ÿᑴ50g5%

47ḄᓄḄঠঝঞটজঠ஺ᵨ!"Ḅ#$ᑴ✌ᐜ⌕()*$Ḅ+"2᝞.ᑴḄNaCl34ᑖᦪ785%,ᑣ;<⌼ᡂḄ?@ABᨵDEFজGH┯?HJKᡈ3HMK஺ঝN4NaClO┯?;<ᜩQRᦪᨵ?;

48©ᵨpHᩭ⊤s஺pH¬7⏚ឋ®pH¬ᜧឋ®஺pHḄ°±°±£¤²ᵨpH³Z஺1ஹ´ᑡ¶¤ḄB¸ᨵ;ឋḄ¹<²º»³¼½஺©¾ᵫ8ÀᨵÁᓄÂÃÄ⏚ឋ⏚¾Å©ᢣpH¬785.6Ḅ¾஺PH=7Ḅ¹`ឋ஺AஹÉᱥ3˱<²º»³¼½Bஹᨵ$SÌᡂḄW!˱`SWCஹᕈ⏚ឋḄ¾Î⏚¾DஹpH=OḄᓽ!Ä⏚ឋÃ!Äឋ,ᕈ`ឋ2ஹXᓄᱥ<Ó⏚WÌᡂ$S<ÓWÌᡂᑣXBᓄᱥ<Ó⏚W<ÓW¶ÔÕ;ឋḄ஺AஹS02BஹK20CஹCuODஹC023ஹ´ᑡ¶¤`ḄB⏚Ó$W!<Ù`SW஺⏚34<ÚÛÜ!ݼ3஺ÞÓ$⏚WßÌà⁐â!C02஺Aஹ☢ãä⏗Ìᡂᨵæ⏚ᙠç☢#⌕᪷é`SWAᳮᵨ"ë`Sᨵæ⏚Bஹìᵨí—QÀA1OH3ë`SïJḄí⏚Cஹ⏚ஹðâfᙠñ`☄|ËóOô34ÝÚÛõöݼ3Dஹ÷ðâ`Ûᐭø$⏚ßÌKà⁐âùÔúðâ˱ÀᨵC032

494ஹ´ᑡûüâḄ£¤ḄCûüᑺ◀K<ᔾᦈ᜜ᱥᓄ஺᝞ᓄᱥC02஺AஹᵨC02Bஹᵨ%ᮞ'%ᮞ(Ḅ*ᔠᱥS02Cஹᵨ-.ᓄ┛H2Dஹᵨ23⏚NH35ஹ8ᨵ:ஹ;⏚ஹᓄ:ஹᓄ<=>ஹ?ᓄ@=>ஹ.ᓄABCᱥDEE*ᔠḄFᦪᨵ'BAஹ4CBஹ5CCஹ6CDஹ7C6ஹᙠLMᩩOPQLRSḄT᠒ᱥḄ=DDVᑖᦪᡂYZ஺8ᵨ100g=DDVᑖᦪ]30%Ḅ3⏚=>_VḄ╅a]bc᠒defgᡂ?hḄFViᔣk=>lmᐭ〉VḄ'BC'mᐭḄᱥDpqrsEtᩩOLu3⏚ᓄvuwxyzḄ{ᵨAஹ?ᓄ@BஹCஹ|⏚A=>Dஹ|⏚@=>7ஹ}Pᑡᑺᑖᐭ⏚<=>ஹ|⏚@=>?ᓄA=>lᑮCQ8Ḅu'C'⁐ஹ⁐ஹ-Aஹy;⏚Bஹ.ᓄ@=>Cஹ?ᓄ┛=>Dஹ.ᓄA=>

508ஹ}ᨵ;⏚ḄCaC12=>llឋᙠᵨᢣᑺḄᩩOPmᐭḄᑺu'B'◀ᩖDḄᑣuᐭᩖDQ⌕ᩖD◀,ᡠmᑺpq_V£⌕¤=>]lឋ஺Al%ᮞ¥l;⏚¦§_V¨-ᢣᑺᢣ,c=>iᕈឋ;ClᐭbḄᩖDᩖDNaCl¬Dᨵiᕈឋ¬B;⏚ᡂCaC12,®ḄCaC03=¯°ᐭᩖD஺Aஹ%ᮞBஹ%ᮞ%a±Cஹ|⏚@Dஹ%ᮞa±9ஹPᑡᔜ´ᱥDᙠpH=lḄ=>lᜧVᐳ¹ºᑮ-⁐=>Ḅu'B'ᐳ¹ḄᱥD»ஹhᡈὅ஺H+OH-ஹC032Lᐳ¹¬0H-Mg2+ஹCu2+ஹFe3+ஹNH4—ᐳ¹¬C032—Ca2+ஹBa2+ᐳ¹஺ÆÇ=>È⏚ឋAlḄNaOHᐳ¹¬Cl⏚<=>u⁐Ḅ஺AஹBaC12NaOHNaClCaC12BஹMg'N032KNO3NaClZnS04CஹCuS04KC1Na2S04NaN03DஹNa2CO3CaC12Al'N032KC110ஹPᑡᔜ´=>Ì⌱ᐸÏᑺᓽi␺Ḅu'AB'ᐜᵫÔ⁐Õᱯ×ᩭÙMÚ᪷ÜᓄឋDÝᵨEE*ᔠÞ␺஺AlCuS04=>u⁐ḄCuS04=>mᐭÌEC=>lß8⁐Ḅ]NaOH,-8Ḅ]MgC12Bl=>EE*ᔠáß8Ḅ8ᔜâQ஺oAஹCuS04ஹNaOHஹMgC12BஹBa'N032ஹNaCO3ஹHN03CஹNa2c03ஹBaC12ஹCa(N03)2DஹNaOHஹH2s04ஹKOH

5111ஹ8ᨵEçᜫé᪗ëḄ-⁐=>ᑖuy3⏚ìí%ᮞîïEC=>RS␺஺'1␺ðñḄòÞᨵóôõ'wᑏᑺ÷øùúজ|⏚;᝞Na2C03¬ঝC02¬ঞi=ឋ<':;᝞CuC12¬টÿ᝞Znঠᢣᑺ஺2ᐸḄ␺ᒹஹ!"#$%ᔣ'()*Ḅ+,᎔ᐭ'/0ᔜ234ᑖ67Na2C03/04ᨵ>?@AḄB/0CDE⏚4ᨵG⁐IJ@AḄB/0CKLMᮞO஺PḄQR⌕T4⌕ᒹVᘤஹ67ஹX᪵4ᒹZ>[ஹIJஹ\⁐]^4P"#_⌕ᢣZ“Bᱥb”defᱥb஺12ஹᨵAஹBஹCஹDஹElmn⁐/04opᑖdq⏚ஹrᓄtஹuᓄ┛ஹwuᓄ┛xy⏚t4zop{|}ᑡ4ᑮ᝞%জBC'/0ᔠ4@AG⁐IJঝBD'/0ᔠ4@AG⁐IJঞBE'/0ᔠ4@A>?টC/0n⁐+0\஺ᑖ᪆4ZAஹBஹCஹDஹEḄᓄᑖdNaCKNa2c03ஹCaOHஹCaC12ஹHC1oẚ4¡⚪£¤ঞটẚ4ট¥¦C§¨ឋ4ঞ¥¦BᡈEdq⏚ᡈy⏚t4ᑣC/0Cwuᓄ┛஺¡⚪¬®zl/0''ᔠᑡ⊤°Z±²4³´µ¶·¸¹Z"#4᝞BCஹDᔠ4º@AG⁐IJ4¥¦Bdy⏚t஺

5213ஹ»¼dᔜᱥbḄ\ᓄᐵ}4uᓄ¾7ᐭ¿ÀḄDq⏚4¹ᑮ/0Auᓄ¾xÁḄᔠᱥÂᐭÃÀḄw>Ä7Å4¹ᑮÆ[B/0AÆ[B±²4¹ᑮ>[Cஹ/0DஹÆ[Ç*ᱥE஺পᑏZuᓄ¾³Dq⏚±²ḄᓄÊ஺Cu0+2HCl=CuC12+H20ফ>[CdH24Æ[EdCuoব/0DÑÒᨵḄ/bdFeC12஺(ᑖ᪆%7ᐭ¿ÀḄDq⏚4¥¦/0A◀ᨵrᓄ¾᜜4¬ᨵHC1஺)14ஹ»¼MஹNஹAஹBஹCஹDᔜ⊤±²ᱥᡈAᡂᱥ(Oᙳ´ᶍÞ)4´µMÒᨵNa+,DÂàá^dn⁐Ḅ>[஺(1)âMஹNḄᓄᑖdNa2c03ஹCa(0H)2஺(2)ᑏZA-MḄᓄÊ2Na0H+C02=Na2C03+H20஺(ᑖ᪆%ᐵäẚ4M³CaC12±²4ᑣÑᨵ/0CaC03Aᡂ4å´µMÒᨵNa+,ZMCNa2co3஺)¤ᓝçqxᓄè1ஹᨵéqḄO/0ᐹᨵᱯìí⁐஺জÒᨵCu2+ḄDq/0ᕈZï⁐4᝞ï⁐ḄE⏚¾/0ঝÒᨵFe2+ḄDq/0ᕈZðñ⁐4᝞ðñ⁐ḄE⏚òÁ/0ঞÒᨵFe3+ḄDq/0ᕈó⁐4᝞ó⁐ḄrᓄÁ/0ô஺

532ஹAõöà÷qḄøᵨ!ú⌕ᵨ⌶஺3ஹüq4d£ýOஹqþOஹqÿ᧼ᡈᑖᑮᩖḄᓄᨔ஺Ḅ!"#!$!%ᨔ!&஺$'ᱥḄ)*+!,-."ឋḄ012ᑖ3஺4ஹ6ᡂ8ᨵ:⏚᪷=>?C032-Eᡈ:⏚F᪷=>ḄGH1⏚IJKᡂLMᓄ:?NOᑮᨵPQRKSPᐭUVWᮞYWᮞZ[\஺E?:⏚⍗⏚^._P஺Eᑭᵨb!cᳮefgᱥ6ᡂY'ᔲᨵ:⏚᪷=>ᡈ:⏚F᪷=>஺igjk'ᵨlcᳮ⌱ᵨ᧕ஹopḄWᮞW?ᡈᜧᳮWE1r⏚IJᑴtLMᓄ:஺5ஹvᑖ#IJKḄᩩxKᡂᱥYᨵᡈPᡈ^yKᡂ஺6ஹ{ᑖ|}ᙠYḄ"#ឋ⊤஺7ஹᵨᓄḄᓫ)*“ஹ"ஹஹ”஺᜜NஹᜧG'⁐ᨔ'ᮞ⁐஺ஹᜧG"஺.Hᙠᡈᨵᰦ஺¡¢Wᮞᤅ¤╆¡¢WᮞH¦§ᐹᨵ©ªឋḄ«P஺1ஹᑡᱥ᝞°ᐭ&±Y²³´&ᱥYµḄ'?BEAஹNaClBஹNaN02CஹNa2C03DஹC2H50H2ஹᑡ¾K¿Y!ÀᱥḄÁÂÃ.ÄÅḄ'?BEAஹ&'Bஹ|'|CஹÆ⏚'⏚Dஹ'Mᓄᱥ

543ஹᑡÇvᔠḄ'?DE?DYᨵ}EAஹNH4C1BஹCa3?P04E2CஹNH4HC03DஹKN034ஹᑡᔜ6ᱥÇÌ!ÍᱥḄ'?CE?KWᮞCaO,¢WᮞCa?014E2,|Na2C03,|NaOH,ÐᡭNa2C03,ᜧᳮW.ÒWᮞW஺EAஹKWᮞஹ¢WᮞBஹ|ஹ|CஹÐᡭஹ|DஹᜧᳮWஹ:⏚┛5ஹÔÕ“Ö×ØÙ”b'ᵫᙠ¦ᵯᩩxÜPYḄMP}PᓄᔠKᡂÝḄMᓄᱥḄMᓄᱥÞßvᩖḄᓄàZᓄᨬâKᡂÝ᧕ãäåᱥᔾᦈḄᓄᔠᱥÖ×èØÙé¡Ý?CEAஹBஹCஹDஹvᔠ6ஹÒêḄᑡYᦔᨬìḄ'?AE?1ḄêᑖᦪᨵᐵEAஹC0?NH2E2Bஹ?NH4E2S04CஹNH4C1DஹNH4N037ஹᑡð*.ÄÅḄ'?ADE?ñò&±Ḅó⌕õḄ'ö÷øùúEAஹᵨ&ñòḄûüஹýஹᾙÒ&±ÿᕡᱯBஹḄᵨᓄᩭ◀Cஹᡭ"#ᶭ%⏚'(Ḅ)ᑺ+,Dஹ./0123ᔠ,5678ᑖ:;<

558ஹ␺@0ḄAᡂC"ᔲEᨵG⏚᪷IJKC032-P,<⌱ᵨḄ,ASᑺ"KAPAஹ0⏚UVᮞXBஹBaC12U[HN03CஹAgN03U[HN03DஹVᮞX9ஹ`ᑡᔜAᱥd678ᑖ:;<efgஹhi7ᡂḄ"KBPAஹj⏚k12Ulᓄm12Bஹnoᓄ┛m12U[q⏚Cஹj⏚Uq⏚r12DஹG⏚r12U[q⏚10ஹs0ஹstஹuvwᙳyz{|}C~ᵨḄᱥdᑭᵨᱥdᡂḄ"জᩭXC"ᔲEIJঝ␺@s0Uuvঞᔲ1⏚ট◀XCḄXKAPKঝঞᵨstটᵨstUs0஺PAஹঝঞটBஹজঝঞCஹজঝটDஹᨵজ11ஹ`ᔜAᱥdCᐸᱥd¡,¢Ḅᱥd£Ḅ¤¥ஹ¢@¦ᐭ¨<©ªC஺জCuஹAuஹSiஹPtấ»¼ᓫdঝ02ஹC12ஹNH3ஹNe¾fᓄᐰᱥঞC02ஹP205ஹFe203ஹNa2Sjᓄ0টH202ஹH2s04ஹHN03ஹH2C03'oᓄnoᓄᱥঠNa2C03ஹKC1ஹZnS04ஹNaOHnoᓄv

5612ஹ᪷1:Ḅ¨ᐵÁ¦ᑏ`ᑡ©ªপᑏj⏚k12Ulᓄm12;<ḄᓄÅÆÇÈ஺CuS04+BaC12=CuC12+BaS04I,É;<ḄÊË¢Ì8ᑖ:;<஺(2)KN03ஹMgC12ஹZnS04Í/12..+67ᓄÅ;<஺(q⏚0Cehiᓄ0CᨵAgCl"hij⏚0CᨵBaS04"hi஺)বÑKOH+ᵬ12-Ó12ᓝÕI,Öᵬy×⁐12ᑏÕU[0⏚;<ḄᓄÅÆÇÈ஺Fe(0H)3+3HCl=FeC13+3H20(ÙÁÆÇÈ8ᑖ:;<Ḅ¢Ì×⁐12<É"EÍÚÛḄ012hiÕeᶧ"noᓄÛ஺)13ஹ◀Ý`ᑡᱥdCḄᩖd(ßàᑁyᩖd)ᵨᓄÅÆÇÈ⊤ã஺(◀ᩖdä7åḄᩖd,æçè`7ᡂᱥ"»éᩖdḄéuêᱥd"hi"fg"X"'ëḄìg஺)পNaOH12(Na2CO3)Na2CO3+Ca(OH)2=2Na0H+CaC03I(2)FeS0412(CuS04)CuS04+Fe=FeS04+Cu(3)Cu(CuO)Cu0+2HCl=CuC12+H2014ஹᨵÍᒹᜫÝ᪗ðḄᓄñᵬஹÓஹÕò"j⏚rஹᓄ╄ஹôõö஺ᔜ÷øùúû6üᵬஹÓý"þ⁐ᨔᕈᮞ⁐ᙠᵬஹᱥᮞᤅᑮᵬᨵឋᕡ!ᓄ#ᑖ᪆&'ᵬஹஹᔜ)*+ᱥ஺(ᮞ⁐)./Ḅᱯ2

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