2020考研英语(一)真题逐题细解

2020考研英语(一)真题逐题细解

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时间:2023-08-03

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6Z᡾A⌱⚗promisefghigஹB⌱⚗experiencefnoipqrD⌱⚗competitionfuviw⌲᣸◀yᦻ4&ᙳ{|ᢣyᦻ4FSAḄ᎝&ᦑ᣸◀஺ᑖ᪆,ᜐᐵ8ᜮᢣᔣḄᑖ஺ᡠᙠᑮ&ᢝḄᏉអ:_____8ᦻᨬ&ᜐ/ᙠᢝḄᏉអ¡¢Ḅᨬ£¤¥&1D⌱⚗endupfᨬ£i¤¥I*th᪀ᡂ¬®¯endupwith,/8“±……³£”.yᦻ4.O´ᔠᦻ/&ᦑLM஺20⚪2~4NᵫO1PQᫀ&ᦑO2ஹ3ஹ4ḕᶍ஺ூWὃQᫀ௃DZ᡾A⌱⚗followupf...½B6;¿ÀஹB⌱⚗pickupfᣙÃ;ᦈÅrC⌱⚗openup᣸◀fᡭÈiᵹᡠÊhyᦻ4&ᙳ{´ᔠᦻ/&ᦑ᣸◀஺2<45/ᫀ=8>?@AQᫀËÌ1-5CABDA6-10BDADC11-15CABDC16-20BABCD5A5B5C5D¤ÑAஹBஹCஹDÒÓ⌱⚗Ô8LMQᫀÕḄ⚣×ᙳ85,´ᔠØ⚪ÙÚ஺SectionIIReadingComprehensionPartAnᑖ᪆TextI⌱Ý2018ß12ᨴ30áḄTheGuardianfâãäå&æᦻ᪗⚪8"TheGuardianViewonYvetteCooper's,Townofculture'ProposalAFineIdea"fâïãäåðñ↋ᱯ•õö“ᦻᓄ.ø”ᫀḄùÓúû/åüýᦻû⌕ÿᕒ“ᦻᓄ”ᝄ஺Text2⌱!2019%3ᨴ4)Ḅ77ieGuardian-./01234ᦻ᪗⚪7"TheGuardianViewonAcademicPublishing:DisastrousCpitali^^-.ீ/0ுᐵRSTU᱐ḄWXYZ[ឋḄ]^_`12஺^ᦻaRbcdSaSmeᦻf3_⌕hdSU᱐ijḄk☩஺Text3⌱!2019%8ᨴ5)ḄTheBostonGlobe-.opqrᳫ012,4ᦻ᪗⚪7"CorporateGenderQuotasReinforcePrivilege"-.{|ឋ}~ᓄᱯᩗ12஺^ᦻḄᫀ7ᑗᐭXᑖ᪆3ᢣUឋ}~cᓄᱯᩗ33¡Ḅឋ}¢£YText4⌱!2019%7ᨴ15)ḄTheNewYorkTimes-.¤¥¦01234ᦻ᪗⚪7“Beware.OtherNationsWillFollowFranceWithTheirOwnDigitalTax."-.®Yᐸ°±²³ᦔµ3¶!·Ḅᦪ¹º12஺^ᦻ_⌕h¶ᦪ¹»¼º3½¾ᢣU▭ºᦈᑴÂḄÃ◍Åᦋ☩ÇÈᡂᐳËÌÍÎÏḄÐ⚪஺Text1CBCD᪀ÓᔙÖ“ᦻᓄ”×ØÙᑡḄ“ᦻᓄ”ᝄ-૘Û2ÑÒ:ᕒÓᔙÕḄᐹÝᑁß-૙Û2“ᦻᓄ”ᝄ“ᦻᓄ”ᝄḄàᜐ-૚૛EÛ2ÑâÒ:äåæçḄèᐵR“ᦻᓄ”ᝄḄÕ×ØÙðᮣòᝯô-૘Û2“ᦻᓄ%”Çõbö÷ᩭᢝúᑭà-૙Û2ÑãÒ:ᡂéḄ×ØêᨵὅíᐹᜓḄïV᝞ýᡂ7ᡂéḄ×Øêᨵὅ-૚૛EÛ2þÿᐹFὅḄ᝱7-

7C#$%᯿૘AgroupofLabourMPs,amongthemYvetteCooper,areᕒ"ᐸ$ᒹ&'↋ᱯ•+,"bringinginthenewyearwithacalltoinstituteaUK“townof-ᔙᙠ0Ḅ123⚗“67ᦻᓄ:;”culture"award.FTheproposalisthatitshouldsitalongsideᝄ஺?@,“ᦻᓄ:;”ᝄBCDᨵḄ“ᦻᓄ:;”FGHᑡ஺JKLᙠ20171MNOtheexistingcityofculturetitle,whichwasheldl)yHullin2017“ᦻᓄ:;”ḄFG"ὃᦻᚖLRSᣴU“2021andhasbeenawardedtoCoventryfor2021.©Cooperandher1ᦻᓄ:;”ḄFG஺(21)+,V᝛ḄXcolleaguesarguethatthesuccessofthecrownforHull,whereY@Z"JKLḄᡂ\]B^▲`MNitbroughtin£220mofinvestmentandanavalancheofarts,ought“ᦻᓄ:;”aFG"XbcᐸdᩭOnottobeconfinedtocities.૛Britain'stowns,itistrue,arenot2.2f6╏ḄᢗijkᜧmḄnop஺preventedfromapplying,buttheygenerallylacktheresources67Ḅ;╋rstᨵSuvwᵭyaᝄtoputtogetherabidtobeattheirbiggercompetitors.EAtown⚗"z{@|}ᢑiᩭ᪗jofcultureawardcould,itisargued,becomeanannualevent,ḄᨵZ"“ᦻᓄ:;”attractingfundingandcreatingjobs.ᝄjᡂ⚗1"ᔾiH⌼OSoniemightseetheproposalasaboobyprizeforthe஺factthatBritainisnolongerabletoapplyforthemuchmoreᨵa⚗᠚ᝄ"67¡¢£¤ᵭyᨵ¥¦Ḅ“§prestigioustitleofEuropeancapitalofculture,asought-¨ᦻᓄ:©”ḄFGO"ª«Vᑭᱥ®afterawardbaggedbyGlasgowin1990andLiverpoolinᑖ°`19901V20081MNOaᜓ²³2008.©AcynicmightspeculatethattheUKisonthevergeᣟḄᝄ⚗:(22)៬·¸¹ὅᡈ»¼½"ofdisappearingintoanendlessfeverofself-celebrationinits67]¾ᑗᙢÁ⌕ᙠῃ§ÄḄ·ÅÆᛛÈdesperationtoreinventitselfforthepost-Brexitworld:afterᡃ"Ê“ᦻᓄ:;”Ä"ËÌ⍝ÎÏᩭÐtownofculture,whoknowswhatwillfollow-villageofculture?ÑÒᕖ——ᦻᓄÕ᩟×ᦻᓄØÙ×ᢓᡈÐᦻSuburbofculture?Hamletofculture?ᓄÛ᩟Ü×a᪵ḄÞ"ᙠaߢàvḄÈᡃOhisalsowisetorecallthatsuchtitlesarenotacure-all.áâãä:$"67åæᜫ]èO஺•Abadlyrun“yearofculture“washesinandoutofaplacelikeaFGH]Ðᮣêᝯì"íîaïthetide,bringingprominenceforaspellbutleavingnolastingÐðḄ஺ñ⃩]óḄ“ᦻᓄ1”᝞äõöbenefitstothecommunity.૚Thereallysuccessfulholdersof÷øùᑵᙢû"üᯠᙠþbÿᑁᩭᨵᩭᢝḄᑭஹsuchtitlesarethosethatdoagreatdealmorethanfillhotel(23)ᡂḄᨵὅ◀⏀bedroomsandbringinhigh-profileartseventsandgoodpressஹᩭ!"#$Ḅ%&'()*ᙠ,-.forayear.©Theytransformtheaspirationsofthepeoplewhoᑁ/012Ḅ☢4⍝᜜,89:;<=஺livethere;theynudgetheself-imageofthecityintoabolder?@ABCᙢEFḄGH?@IJKḄandmoreoptimisticlight.EIlishardtogetright,andrequiresaLMNOPᔣRᜧTஹRUVḄ-☢,:remarkabledegreeofvision,aswellascooperationbetweencityW9ᑮ◤⌕[\Ḅ]^ᓩ`)*JKCaஹauthorities,theprivatesector,communitygroupsandculturalb⃩deஹf2gᦻᓄjklmḄᔠo஺organisations.FButitcanbedone:Glasgow'syearasEuropean(24),pq)9ᑮḄrstuvow“ycapitalofculturecancertainlybeseenasoneofacomplexzᦻᓄl{”Ḅ-.}᰿qwpᐙ▲e8

8seriesoffactorsthathaveturnedthecityintothepowerhouseof-ᑡᩖḄ-.,I,JKBᡂ%&ஹUᒓḄart,musicandtheatrethatitremainstoday.ᙢ-ᑮᜩCOA"lownofcultureMcouldbenotjustabouttheartsbut“ᦻᓄlJ”g%&ᨵᐵ⌕abouthonouringatown'speculiaritiesߟhelpingsustainitshigh¡JKḄᱯ⁐-¤¥¦ᢝ§¨⌕Ḅᖪª⊙ஹ¬ᢝCᙢḄ®ᨬ¡⌕Ḅp°⚚§Ḅ"street,supportinglocalfacilitiesandaboveallcelebratingitsF°25³´ᦻᓄddµᩲ·¸G¹ᱯºpeople.૙JeremyWright,theculturesecretary,shouldwelcome»¼ᯠ¾¿,-À᩽ḄஹᐙÂḄÃÄthispositive,hope-filledproposal,andturnitintoaction.ÅIᐸAᓄwÇ(஺C/ᫀ1᪆21.Cooperandhercolleaguesarguethata“townofÈÉg᝛ḄË<@Ìw“ᦻᓄlJ”ᝄ⌱⚗Ôᜐculture“awardcould_________.ÎÏ______□A.consolidatethetown-citytiesinBritainA.Ö׳´JKJ╋mḄᐵ-Ù૛ÚB.promotecooperationamongBritain,stownsB.Ûܳ´J╋mḄᔠo-Ù૛ÚC.increasetheeconomicstrengthofBritain'stownsC.ÝÞ³´J╋Ḅßàá-Ù૚ÚD.focusBritain'slimitedresourcesonculturaleventsD.I³´ᨵ▲Ḅãäåæᙠᦻᓄ'(ç-Ù૛Úூéê-௃ìíî⚪ðñḄòóôõ——᝞ø0Ôô⚪ðᐵùúûwrCooperandhercolleaguesarguethatc᪷ýᳮôÿᦻḄᜧ✌ᐜᑮ૚,ᑮCooper᝛ḄḄᡂ▲!"#“ᦻᓄ&'”)*+,-1ᐸ/ᩭ12.234╏Ḅᢗ789ᜧ:Ḅ;<=>஺ᵫABCDCooper᝛Ḅ“ᦻᓄ&'”Ḅ*+B8EF'╋ᔾIᢗ7JK;<,LMNO'╋ḄPQRSᦑC⌱⚗WX2x3YPᵫZ1[#\WX]ᫀ_AZ2ஹ3[ḕᶍ஺ூdef௃L]h⌱⚗iḄjkl]——᝞opᔣᓺs᣸◀v᡾⚗Z1[xᵫA⌱⚗ᐵz{town-cityBritainB|}~OᐸtownvityḄtowns஺ᑮ4Ḅ'╋XRᨵᵭ“ᦻᓄ&'”)ᝄ⚗7ᩭKA᪗8OḄ஺Aᜐ9¡4''╋¢ᐵ£Ḅᐵ¤¥ᦑ᣸◀A⌱⚗.Z2ஹ3[xᶍ஺Z1[xᵫB⌱⚗ᐵz¤¥Britain'stownsB|}~૛஺ᑮ,4Ḅ'╋XRᨵBᵭ“ᦻᓄ&'”)ᝄ⚗7ᩭK᪗8OḄ,Aᜐ9“ᦻᓄ&'”)ᝄ⚗§¨©ª4'╋¢Ḅᔠ=ᦑ᣸◀B⌱⚗஺Z2ஹ3[xᶍ஺Z1[xᵫC⌱⚗ᐵz¤¥increasetheeconomicstrengthB|}~૚E⌱⚗ᐵz¤¥ᑖ)®Ḅbroughtin£220mofinvestmentattractingfunding஺ᵫ¯⊤Z1[C૚Ḅᑖ᪆BD,Cooper᝛Ḅ“ᦻᓄ&'”)ᝄ⚗B8EF'╋ᔾIᢗ7,JK;<LMNO'╋ḄPQRSᦑC⌱⚗WX஺Yᵫ૚#\WX]ᫀᦑ²ᑖ᪆E஺Z2ஹ3[xᶍZ1[xᵫD⌱⚗ᐵz{Britain'sresourcesB|}~૛஺ᢣ\4Ḅ'╋7DᩭK᪗8OḄ஺Aᜐ9´4ᨵ▲Ḅ7µᙠᦻᓄ·¸¯Ḅᐵ¤¥ᦑ᣸◀D⌱⚗஺Z2ஹ3[xᶍ9A

922.AccordingtoParagraph2theproposalmightbeᵫZfBDᨵ»¼B§½¾t⌱⚗\ᜐregardedbysomeas______.¿______0A.asensiblecompromiseA.ÁÂÃḄÄÅÆᦻB.aself-deceivingattemptB.ÁÇÈȼḄÉÊfC.aneye-catchingbonusC.⚗I¼ËÌḄᡂÍÆᦻD.aninaccessibletargetD.ÎÏ8RÐḄÌ᪗Æᦻூde௃L¹h⚪viḄjkl]᝞o#\Wl⚪vᐵz¤¥xParagraph2ஹtheproposalsome஺᪷ÒᳮlÆᦻḄᜧ✌ᐜᑮf૘஺ᑮ,ᨵ»¼B§½Ô)⚗¾hÕÖ“ᦻᓄ&'”ᝄi×ÎØ᠚ᝄ_4YÚ²ᵭ1ᨵÛÜḄ“ÝÞᦻᓄ&ß”Ḅ*+1஺ᵫABCD,ᨵ»¼àᡂ¾,áÚᑨã]ᫀᦑ◤ὶ£æᦻ஺f૙ᢣ\៬èéêὅᡈí½Cî,4ïᑗᙢò⌕ᙠῃÝõḄèö÷ᛛÇᡃú“ᦻᓄ&'”õ,ûD⍝ýæᩭ½¿þÿᕖ——ᦻᓄ᩟ᦻᓄᢓᡈᦻᓄ᩟᪵ḄᙠḄᡃ!"#$ᜫ&'(஺*+ᙠ஺,&-ᡂ/0Ḅ1Ạ3૙,ᑁ5ᑣ7892:☄<=>/0Ḅ?@?@!ῃBCDᵭF“BHᦻᓄI”ᓾLMᙠNOPᝄ⚗ḄS,ᨵVWXYZ[8\]]WḄ^_.ᦑB⌱⚗cdfᯠWh=ij0ᕒḄ/0ᢝ$᩽Ḅ᝱op"&*qrᐸtu“8vwxḄyz”“8⚗{W|}Ḅᡂ~”ᡈ“8Ḅ}᪗”ᦑ᣸◀AஹCஹD⌱⚗஺3ᵫ1ஹ29,ḄsuccessfulholdersofsuchtitlesØ=Ù஺>,/ᑮÚcᡂ¯Ḅ«¬ᨵὅ◀(Û⏀ݶÞஹ1ßᩭ{W|}Ḅ¿Àáâãᙠ8äᑁåæçḄc☢é⍝᜜ìí(îïðñ஺ᵫZDò8«¬ᨵὅᙠᡂ¯óìí(ôVõö⌕Ḅðñ,ᦑ◤ὶúûᦻ஺µ૛,/ᑮ,üh¡Úcᡂ¯Ḅ«¬ᨵὅ£ýþ(¸ᙢº»Ḅ¼½ÿḄᔣ2ᜧஹḄ☢஺ᨵὅᩭ!"⌕Ḅ$⌕%ᐵ'()Ḅ*+,Ḅ-./ᓣᓽ234Ḅ5678,:᪵<$=>Ḅᡂ@ᦑD⌱⚗>D3EFᵫH2.IJ>DKᫀ,MNH3.ḕᶍeio

10ூSTU௃WKX⌱⚗YḄZ[\K᝞^_ᔣᓺa᣸◀d᡾⚗H1.fᵫA⌱⚗ᐵghimageijklm૛n⌱⚗ᐵghopnqḄself-imagers஺pn/ᑮAX=>ᡂ@ḄᨵὅYḄᔣᜧஹḄ☢=>ᡂ@ḄᨵὅuvḄ7wxḄᦋz{|}ᢝ᪵ᦑ᣸◀A⌱⚗஺H2ஹ3.fᶍH1.fᵫB⌱⚗ᐵgtheaspirationsofitspeopleijklm૛n஺pn/ᑮX=>ᡂ@BḄᨵὅYzᙢ)Ḅ*+|ᙢ)Ḅ*+B⌱⚗oN⊤ᦑ᣸◀஺H2ஹ3.fᶍஹH1.fᵫC⌱⚗ᐵghbrings,prominenceijklm૙n஺pn/ᑮF⃩Ḅ“ᦻᓄ᝞_ᑵᙢᯠᙠ¡¢ᑁ¤¥¦§ᩭ¨+©ªᨵ¤¥¦§ᩭᢝ«Ḅᑭ஺ᵫNC:®¯ᐹ±/²ᨵὅᙠ³ᑁ´µ¶ᨵ·℉Ḅzᓄ´ᐸῃ⚨{Jᦑ᣸◀C⌱⚗஺H2ஹ3.fᶍ஺H1.fD⌱⚗ᑁ¼olm૛nᙠ½¾¿ᙠiḄrÀឋÂÃᐜijklm૛n஺ᵫ⊤H2D.lm஺nḄᑖ᪆◀Çᙢ§ᩭ³ḄᦔÉ᜜234Ḅ5678ᨵὅᩭ!<$=>Ḅᡂ@ᦑD⌱⚗>DfH2ஹ3.fᶍ.24.GlasgowismentionedinParagraph3toHlmq/ᑮÌÍÎÏ$Ç8Ð_____O⌱⚗Jᜐpresent______.A.acontrastingcaseA.ÓᫀÔᦻ¯/B.asupportingexampleB.ÕᢝÔalm૛E஺nC.abackgroundstoryC.Ö×ᦑØᦻ¯/D.arelatedtopicI.rᐵÙ⚪ᦻ¯/ூST௃WÛX⚪dYḄZ[\K᝞^IJ>\⚪dᐵgÇfGlasgow,Paragraph3஺᪷Ýᳮ\ᦻḄlᜧß✌ᐜáᑮlm@n஺pn/ᑮ©:$ãäᑮḄfGlasgowåÇ“æçᦻᓄÉèḄéᶧëìÇ$ᐙîᑡᩖMñḄ1:òMñ:ózᡂµ¶ஹôoõᒓl÷3øḄùúᙢûüýᑮþᜩᵫᑨᫀᵫ✌ḄBut,ᙠᢚᐵ,ᦑ◤ὶᦻ஺!"૛#ᑮ%&'()ᡂ+Ḅ,-.ᨵὅ1234ᙢ67Ḅ89:;<=Ḅ>?@ABᔣDᜧFஹDHIḄJ☢L!"E#ᑮMNOPᑮ◤⌕RSᓩUVW<=4XYᐵZ[Ḅᔠ]ᓽ_⌕ᐹᜓRSᓩU:ὶᔠᔜcdeᔠ].,-.ᨵὅghVijklḄmnop஺q,MrᑡtGlasgowḄuvhw3xyEḄIzᓽ26789Wᦋ2<=>?@A|ᯠ~O_⌕2ᐹᜓJḄe:ὶᔠᔜcghVPᑮḄGlasgowhJvᦑB⌱⚗)ᯠ]ὅ:GlasgowḄuvᦻᡠ#WḄuvPᦻ:#WGlasgowḄᡂ+ᫀv᪀ᡂḄᐹᫀvᦑ᣸◀A⌱⚗Lᦻ:;GlasgowḄuv]wJᦑuᩭᡲ⚪ᡈ]wJYᐵ⚪ᩭp¡ᦑ᣸◀CஹD¢⌱⚗஺3£¤ᵫ¥2¦§¨)ᫀ,©¥3¦ḕᶍூ®¯௃±'⌱⚗1Ḅ²³´J᝞¶·ᔣᓺx᣸◀¹᡾⚗AB£ᵫூ®J௃B⌱⚗)AஹCஹD!⌱⚗ᙳw¹᡾⚗ᦑᜐ½¾¿ÀCD11

1125.Whatistheauthor'sattitudetowardstheproposal?]ὅ#ÄḄ᝱³hÆ᪵ḄÈ⌱⚗¨ᜐA.Skeptical.A.ᝰᶧḄ஺Ëᦻ#B.Objective.B.ÌIḄ஺Ëᦻ#C.Favourable.C.ÍᡂḄ஺Î"1).Critical.I).ᢇÐḄ஺Ëᦻ#ூ®J௃±Á(⚪¹)Ḅ²³´J᝞¶§¨)´⚪¹ᐵÒÓÔw(heaulhor'saltiludeÕtheproposal஺⚪ÖÁ]ὅ#ÄḄ᝱³.ᵫ×Ø1◤±ᐰᦻÚᐭÜᦑÝÞßᐭ¥3¦àᐰᦻÚ஺2¦áâãᦻä✌"VåæçèÄᕒêᔙìí“åæᦻᓄ<”ᝄò¨⚪:óy3ìíᝄḄôᜐ஺¯"õö3÷&#ÄḄà஺!"ÌIøÀ3᝞¶ùᡂw()ᡂ+Ḅ,-.ᨵὅ:⊤yᐸO³üýþÿ⌕ᐹᜓᓩὶᔠᔜ,ᡂᡂḄᨵὅ஺ᢣ!"#“ᦻᓄ'(”3ᝄḄ+ᜐ⊤.ᦻᓄ//012ᯠ45678᩽Ḅஹᐙ<=>Ḅ?@AᐸCᓄDE஺ᵫGHIJὅKLM@ᕒ?@"#“ᦻᓄ'(”ᝄḄOEᢝ8᩽QᡂḄ᝱SᦑC⌱⚗WXZᯠJὅ[\]ᢝQᡂḄ(Favorable)᝱S,^HᢝᝰᶧḄ(Skeptical)ஹa\Ḅ(Objective)bᢇdḄ(Critical)᝱Sᦑ᣸◀AஹB.Dgh⌱⚗஺ூ®¯௃±(⌱⚗)Ḅ²³´——᝞¶·ᔣᓺx᣸◀¹᡾⚗ABiᵫூkl7௃XnC⌱⚗WXAஹB.Dgh⌱⚗ᙳp᡾⚗ᦑGᜐrstu)CDText2BCD᪀w7xyz!᱐|7}~ᑭḄDyzwஹgxyz!᱐ᖪᑭ⚟wxᭆuyz!᱐ᖪᑭ⚟[⌕☠ᜧz✂bᐸ!᱐1[⌕☠ᜧz✂1wgx᰿Ḅᑭ▊.yz!᱐ᖪ[⌕Ḅ☩-'☠ᜧz✂ᑭwxSei-Hub.¡ᨵḄyz!᱐◤⌕ᦋ☩w¤ஹ¥x¦§¨©ª«!᱐ḄG1#$%᯿OScientificpublishinghaslongbeenalicencetoprint(26)0¬ᩭyz!᱐7®|7}money.•Scientistsneedjournalsinwhichtopublishtheir~ᑭḄD.yz°◤⌕ᙠ¬²]³⊤research,sotheywillsupplythearticleswithoutmonetary´µḄẆ·ᡠ´µ¹º»?¼½ᦻ஺ᐸreward.૚Otherscientistsperformthespecialisedworkof´yz°¾¹¿ÀÁDÂDdÃḄÄLpeerreviewalsoforfree,becauseitisacentralelementintheJÅ|ªÆᙢÈÉÊËyzIḄ᪶acquisitionofstatusandtheproductionofscientificknowledge.Í⌕Î஺OWiththecontentofpaperssecuredforfree,thepublisherᵫϬ²ᑁÑ|¿ÀªÆḄᡠ!᱐needsonlyfindamarketforitsjournal.૙Untilthiscentury,ᖪ◤ᐸ¬²ÒÓÔÕ(27)®ᑮ}×Ø12

12universitylibrarieswerenotverypricesensitive.©ScientificÚÛᜧz✂KÜÝÞr|ßàá஺publishersroutinelyreportprofitmarginsapproaching40%yz!᱐ᖪᙠDâãä?ᑮ´µḄå⃩ontheiroperations,atatimewhentherestofthepublishingᑭç4è40%,ìíGÂî,!᱐äḄᐸ´!᱐ᖪWᜐÏÊïðñḄᓻó'äindustryisinanexistentialcrisis.(27)÷⌕!᱐ᐰᳫ25%yz½ᦻḄ૘TheDutchgiantElsevier,whichclaimstopublish25%of₹ᐲ(zý!᱐)þᜮ᰿thescientificpapersproducedintheworld,madeprofitsofmoreᑭ9ᯠ2016ᔜthan£900mlastyear,whileUKuniversitiesalonespentmoreᜧᐸẆ!ᕒ#$ᙠ&'()*+than£210min2016toenableresearcherstoaccesstheirownẆᙠ,ᦻ.᱐0Ḅ2&342.1publiclyfundedresearch;bothfiguresseemtoriseunstoppably7╏9:!;<ᩭ<>?ᙢᦋBC;despiteincreasinglydesperateeffortstochangethem.DEFGᦪIḄ0ᓣKLMNOP஺OThemostdrastic,andthoroughlyillegal,reactionhas(28)UVᨬ᩽YZ[ᐰ]^Ḅ_`abeentheemergenceofSci-Hub,akindofglobalphotocopierSci-HubḄ.iᐸjkl2012,nPlforscientificpapers,setupin2012,whichnowclaimstoofferopq,ᦻḄᐰᳫsᓺu᝞wCxyaccesstoeverypaywalledarticlepublishedsince2015.૙The⌕{(ᵨᡝ~2015ᩭ⊤ḄosuccessofSci-Hub,whichreliesonresearcherspassingon&,ᦻ(28)SciGHubḄᡂᨵlẆὅ;Uᔠ^~ḄḄ,copiestheyhavethemselveslegallyaccessed,showsthelegalE⊤ᔠ^Ḅ᝱ᙠᐸᵨᡝᜫecosystemhaslostlegitimacyamongitsusersandmustbe4ឋV¡¢*+ᦋ☩E᪵C¥#transformedsothatitworksforallparticipants.ᡠᨵ§¨ὅ©ª஺OlnBritainthemovetowardsopenaccesspublishinghasᙠ«¬~.᱐Ḅaᵫ¯°ubeendrivenbyfundingbodies.ᑬnsomewaysithasbeenvery᪀²³Ḅ஺ᙠ´µ¶·0Ca]¸ᡂḄ,successful.©MorethanhalfofallBritishscientificresearchis(29)iᙠo¹0ḄqẆᡂº»nowpublishedunderopenaccessterms:eitherfreelyavailablea«¬~Ḅ¼½⊤Ḅ¾⌕¿À⊤Áfromthemomentofpublication,orpaywalledforayearormoreoÂÃ3OÄ&~⌕¿ᙠoᡈÆÇsothatthepublisherscanmakeaprofitbeforebeingplacedonÈÉᑁË&~.᱐ᖪᙠgeneralrelease.«+Í~ᑭ°૘ஹetthenewsystemhasnotworkedoutanycheaperforᯠÏÐÑᨵᡂᜧÒÓ«theuniversities.©PublishershaverespondedtothedemandÔ஺UlÄ&ᔣÖὅ×ØÙÚḄ⌕Û.᱐thattheymaketheirproductfreetoreadersbychargingᖪ_`aËᔣÜὅᦈ&ᵨᩭÞ⊡,ᦻ.theirwritersfeestocoverthecostsofpreparinganarticle.᱐àᜓâÜᡠ◤Ḅᡂä&ᵨÀ500╏૚Theserangefromaround£500to$5,000.©Areportlastyearᑮ50007ᐗNç.Ḅoèéêᢣ.pointedoutthatthecostsbothofsubscriptionsandoftheseì▅&îEï“,ᦻ.᱐àᜓ&ᵨ”oò“articlepreparationcosts,*hadbeensteadilyrisingatarateólËôõö᳛Ḅø·ùú0û(30)⊟aboveinflation.BInsomewaysthescientificpublishingmodel´ï¼☢q.᱐ÿresemblestheeconomyofthesocialinternet:labourisprovidedᣚᙢḄfreeinexchangeforthehopeofstatus,whilehugeprofitsare⚞ᑭ!ᑣᵫ$ᦪ⃩'()Ḅᜧ+madebyafewbigfirmswhorunthemarketplaces.DInboth,-.—ᙠ123456ᡃ8◤⌕;<=cases,weneedarebalancingofpower.⊝ᩗ஺ᐭ13,

13H/ᫀ1᪆26.Scientificpublishingisseenas“alicencetoprintFGH᱐JKL“NOPᑭḄQR”ḄT⌱⚗Hᜐmoney“partlybecause______.ᑖVWX______஺A.itsfundinghasenjoyedasteadyincreaseA.ᐸ^_N`abcdef૛gB.itsmarketingstrategyhasbeensuccessfulB.ᐸ⃩├iᶍN`kᡂmVᦻoC.itspaymentforpeerreviewisreducedC.ᐸpQqrḄᵨt$uNf૚gD.itscontentacquisitioncostsnothingD.ᐸᑁwḄx◤⌕yzᵨNf஺૙gூ|}N௃⚪Ḅ——᝞zH⚪ᐵLScientificpublishing“alicencetoprintmoney”஺᪷ᳮVᦻḄᜧ✌ᐜᑮ1Nf૘g஺'gᢣHFGH᱐N`XNOPᑭḄQR஺ᵫFGH᱐JKL“NOPᑭḄQR”ḄVW.ᦑ◤ὶ¡6ᦻ஺Nf૙gᢣHFG¢◤⌕ᙠ£¤¥¦⊤¨8ḄẆªᡠ¨8¬ᦻ஺ᵫ®¯FGH᱐2J°LX“NOPᑭḄQR”ḄVW±NXᐸᑁwḄx◤⌕yzᵨᦑD⌱⚗²3³ᵫ´2bH²ᫀW´3bḕᶍூ|}·௃⌱⚗ḄN᝞z¸ᔣᓺ»᣸◀᡾⚗´1bᵫA⌱⚗ᐵsteadyincrease®¿Àef૛g⌱⚗ᐵÁ'gÂḄsteadilyrisingA⊤ÃÄÅ,'gᑮÆ▅1È“ᦻH᱐Éᜓᵨ”N`ᙠab¥Ë;ᜐᑮḄ^_LÆ▅“ᦻH᱐Éᜓᵨ”Í᦮ÏFGH᱐RḄᵨ.ᦑ᣸◀A⌱⚗஺´2ஹ3bᶍ஺BB⌱⚗ᑁwᙠᦻ¿ᦻÂÑoÒ⃩├iᶍḄÄᐵᦑ᣸◀B⌱⚗஺´1bᵫC⌱⚗ᐵpeerreview®¿ÀNf૚g஺'gᑮᐸ¨FG¢ÓQpQqCrḄÔRÕÖ஺pQqr×ᯠXḄ,ÙÚÛx¥ᵨt$Ḅ⚪ᦑ᣸◀C⌱⚗஺´2ஹ3bᶍ஺´1bᵫD⌱⚗ᐵacquisitioncostsnothing®¿ÀNf૚gᐸÂcostsnothing'gÂḄforfree⊤ÃÄp஺'gᑮᐸ¨FG¢ÓQpQqrḄÔRÕÖᵫÜ1XDᔲLFGH᱐JKL“NOPᑭḄQR”ḄVWᦑ◤ὶ¡¥ᦻ஺´2bÞᔠ¥⊤´1ஹ2bàNf૘૙gḄᑖ᪆®FGH᱐ᙠᑁw☢x◤⌕yzᵨXᐸJKLX“NOPᑭḄQR”ḄVW±NᦑD⌱⚗²´3bᶍ27.AccordingtoParagraphs2and3,scientificpublishersᵫ´·ஹf®,FGH᱐ᖪ᰿åæ⌱⚗HᜐElsevierhave______.ç_______0·f૙૚gA.thrivedmainlyonuniversitylibrariesA.é⌕ê☠ᜧGìí✂ïð¦ñfB.gonethroughanexistentialcrisisB.ᔊuóôᓻö·f૚gC.revivedthepublishingindustryC.;÷uH᱐R·f૚g1).financedresearchersgenerouslyI.ᠡ᠘ᙢ^úuẆªûᕒf£14

14ூ|}N௃⚪ḄN᝞zH⚪ᐵLParagraphs2and3Elsevier஺᪷ᳮVᦻḄᜧ,✌ᐜᑮf.'fᑮ᰿åæç+ýþÿᑭ9╏ᯠ2016ᔜᜧᐸẆᕒᙠ1Ẇ,ᙠ"ᦻ$᱐&Ḅ()*2.1╏஺ᵫ./0ᔜᜧᙠ"ᦻ$᱐&Ḅ(12᰿4567Ḅᑭ89:ᜧ;⌕=0>?ᔲ᰿456ABCDḄE⌕FGH◤ὶK&ᦻ஺LM૙૚NOᑮQᑮRSTᜧUV✂1XYHZ?:[\ᙠᐸ]$᱐ᖪ_`abc▭e$᱐ᖪḄf⃩ᑭhᓾjk40%஺ᵫ./0,ᜧUV✂1XYḄZ[\⌼)*e$᱐ᖪᐸᙠ$᱐m2Ḅnop=qABCDrMs᰿4567Ḅtuv?e$᱐ᖪw☠ᩭzᜧUV✂Ḅm{|=ABCDḄᐹ~ᦑA⌱⚗v3ᵫ2=$vᫀ,G.3ḕᶍ:ூL௃⌱⚗Ḅ᝞ᔣᓺ᣸◀¡᡾⚗1£ᵫA⌱⚗ᐵ¥¦§universitylibraries/¨©ªLM૙N஺«NOᑮQᑮRSTᜧUV✂1XYHZ?:[\ᵫ.¬=0ᜧUV✂®e$᱐ᖪ᰿4567c¯ḄᐵKᦑ◤ὶKAᦻ஺2£°ᔠ&⊤1ஹ21LM૙૚N´rMḄᑖ᪆/0᰿4567E⌕w☠ᩭzᜧUV✂Ḅm{|=ABCDᦑA⌱⚗v3£ᶍ£1£ᵫB⌱⚗ᐵ¥¦§anexistentialcrisis/¨©ªLM૚N஺«NOᑮ,e$᱐ᖪḄf⃩ᑭhBjk40%,®.·¸$᱐msḄᐸ]$᱐ᖪvᜐ2_`abḄᓻ»cs஺ᵫ./0e$᱐ᖪᒹ½᰿456¾¿ᔊ_aᓻ».B⌱⚗⊤®.Ã័ᦑ᣸◀2ஹ3£ᶍ;1£ᵫC⌱⚗ᐵ¥¦§publishingindustry/¨©ªLM૚N஺«NOᑮe$᱐ᖪḄf⃩ᑭhCjk40%.®.·¸$᱐msḄᐸ]$᱐ᖪvᜐ2_`abḄᓻ»cs.ᜐ¾¿OÆe*᱐ᖪ᰿456ÈÉ*$᱐mᦑ᣸◀C⌱⚗஺2ஹ3£ᶍ஺1£ᵫD⌱⚗ᐵ¥¦§financedresearchers/¨©ªrM⌱⚗ᐵ¥¦§®«MsḄenableresearcherstoaccesstheirownpubliclyfundedresearchÃ1Ê஺«MOᑮ2016ᔜᜧᐸẆDᕒᙠẆᙠ"ᦻ$᱐&Ḅ()*2.1╏஺ᵫ./0?ḄᔜᜧËe$᱐ᖪ᰿456*Ẇᕒᦑ᣸◀D⌱⚗஺2ஹ3£ᶍ£28.HowdoestheauthorfeelaboutthesuccessofSci-Hub?Ìὅ᝞ÎÏSci-HubḄᡂÑÒ⌱⚗$ᜐA.Relieved.A.ÓÔ᠚Ḅ஺Fᦻ¿OB.Puzzled.B.ÓÖ×Ḅ஺Fᦻ¿OC.Concerned.C,ÓØÙḄ஺ÚMD.Encouraged.D.ÛÜÝḄ஺Fᦻ¿Oூ௃Þ⚪¡Ḅ᝞=$v⚪¡ᐵ¥¦§£thesuccessofSci-Hub஺᪷áᳮFᦻḄrᜧã✌ᐜæᑮÚM૙N.«Nᢣ$Sci-HubḄᡂÑᨵé2Ẇὅê1zëᔠì|ḄíRḄîï.>⊤ᔠḄ_᝱Kñᙠᐸᵨᡝs1ᜫõ*vñឋG.÷øᦋ☩,>᪵üýᡠᨵÿὅ஺ὅSci-HubḄᡂᢝᔲ᝱ᐸᦋ☩A⌱⚗᠚Ḅ"#D⌱⚗$%&Ḅ"ᙳ(ᨵ*☢,-⁐/ᦑ15஺

15F᣸◀GὅHIᢣKLSci-HubᡂḄMNὅᐸᡂOPQRᦑ᣸◀B⌱⚗SᵫUVWᑨYC⌱⚗*I;;WᓺA8ᫀ⌱⚗ὶ\]ᦻ:⚪஺`a૘bcᑮefK᱐ᖪiᑭḄklSci-HubKmLnoᨬ᩽rstᐰvwḄ஺ὅ2Sci-HubḄᡂlxoyzḄᦑC⌱⚗*I஺3{|ᵫ}2W~K*I8ᫀNU}3Wḕᶍூ345௃78⌱⚗"Ḅ9:8;᝞=>ᔣᓺA᣸◀D᡾⚗AB{ᵫூ34;௃IC⌱⚗*IA.B.D⌱⚗ᙳD᡾⚗ᦑUᜐP஺CD29.ItcanbelearnedfromParagraphs5and6thatopen7}ஹa~Ḅ⌱⚗Kᜐaccessterms______.______OA.allowpublisherssomeroomtomakemoneyA.K᱐ᖪᨵ;Ḅa૚bB.renderpublishingmucheasierforscientistsB.ef⊤ᦻ᧕Mᦻ¡cC.reducethecostofpublicationsubstantiallyC.ᜧ£¤¥K᱐ᡂ¦a૙b1).freeuniversitiesfromGnancialburdensD.ᜧf᤮ῃ©ªya஺bூ34;௃7⚪D"Ḅ9:8;᝞=~K*:⚪Dᐵ¬®¯Paragraphs5and6#openaccessterms஺᪷±ᳮ:MᦻḄᜧw✌ᐜkᑮa૚b஺µbcᑮ¶·;¸]ḄeẆᡂºFoḄ⊤Ḅ¯⌕¼7⊤½;¾¿À1ÁÂ,⌕¼ᙠ;ÅᡈÇÈᑁÊËÌÍÎÂÏK᱐ᖪᙠÐÑᑭ஺ᵫUḄÒÓK᱐ᖪᨵ;Ḅ,ᦑA⌱⚗*I2ஹ3{|ᵫ}1W~K*I8ᫀNU}2ஹ3Wḕᶍூ345௃78⌱⚗"Ḅ9:8;᝞=>ᔣᓺA᣸◀D᡾⚗}1W¯ᵫA⌱⚗ᑁÔÕa૚b⌱⚗ᑁµbÖḄthepublisherscanmakeaprofit⊤×ØAÙ஺ᵫ]⊤}1WµbḄᑖ᪆ḄÒÓK᱐ᖪᨵ;ḄᦑA⌱⚗*I}2ஹ3W¯ᶍ஺BB⌱⚗ᑁᙠᦻÖÜwÔᦻÖO¡cÝef⊤ᦻ᧕ḄØᐵ®ᦑ᣸◀B⌱⚗஺}1W¯ᵫC⌱⚗ᐵ¬®thecostofpublicationÔÕa૙b⌱⚗ᐵ¬®µbÖḄthecostsofpreparinganarticle⊤×ØÙ஺µbcᑮÞÁÂᔣßὅcàáâḄ⌕ãK᱐ᖪḄkloÊËᔣCὅᦈÂᵨᩭç⊡ᦻK᱐éᜓëᡠ◤Ḅᡂ¦஺ᵫUK᱐ᖪÊËᔣὅᦈÂᵨᩭç⊡K᱐ᦻḄÂᵨGK᱐ᡂ¦O¡¤¥,ᦑ᣸◀C⌱⚗஺}2ஹ3W¯ᶍ}1W¯ᵫD⌱⚗ᑁÔÕa૘b⌱⚗ᑁµbÖḄhasnotworkedoutanycheaperfortheDuniversities⊤×Ø>஺µbcᑮ,î\ïOðᨵᡂᜧf¤¥ñ஺ᵫUᜧfO¡ᡂ᤮ῃ©ªyᦑ᣸◀D⌱⚗஺}2ஹ3W¯ᶍ஺30.Whichofthefollowingcharacterisesthescientificòᑡô;⚗oefK᱐õḄᱯ÷ø⌱⚗Kᜐpublishingmodel?A.Trialsubscriptionisoffered.A.càùú▅¯a૛b«16

16B.Labourtriumphsoverstatus.B.üýþᡊᙢ஺EC.Costsarewellcontrolled.C.ᡂᑮḄᑴ૛D.Thefewfeedonthemany.D.ᦪᦪ஺EூUV3௃XY'⚪Z(Ḅ\]1/3᝞_`ab1⚪ᐵcharacterisesthescientificpublishingmotlelk᪷ᳮ"#ᦻḄ%ᜧ'()*ᐜ,ᑮE)⚪ᐵ-./Ḅthescientificpublishingmodelresembles012஺.ᢣ4)ᙠ67'☢.:;4᱐=>?@ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOᣚQRᙢḄST)UVWᑭYᑣᵫᦪF⃩1.]^Ḅᜧ_`aQ஺ᵫbcd)ᙠ:;4᱐=>/)eᦻḄfὅhiRBCᙢUHIJKeᦻjᙠk=>/)eᦻḄfὅh01Aᜧ_`ᩭmnoᦪ)UphHIq4rsḄLMᡂtuF⃩eᦻv⊤Ḅᜧ_`kxᨵᦪḄz{R|)ᓽᦪᦪ)ᦑD⌱⚗2ஹ3Fᵫ14ᫀ)b2ஹ3ḕᶍூUV<௃X/'⌱⚗(Ḅ\]1/3᝞_eᔣᓺA8᣸◀Z᡾⚗1ᵫA⌱⚗ᐵsubscriptionc૛).Jᑮ)▅IOA᳛ḄA)bᜐJ:;4᱐=>CJK¡▅¢£)ᦑ᣸◀A⌱⚗஺2ஹ3ᶍ1ᵫB⌱⚗ᐵLabour¦statuscE஺ᵫ⊤11.Ḅᑖ᪆cd)eᦻBḄfὅhiRBCᙢUHIJKeᦻ)HIJKeᦻḄfὅhᓽc©LMN)cªLMNᡊᙢ)Uo¬¢Aᙢ)ᦑ᣸◀B⌱⚗஺2ஹ3ᶍ஺1ᵫC⌱⚗ᑁ®c஺)⌱⚗ᑁ®-./Ḅthecosts...hadbeensteadilyrisingataCrateaboveinflation⊤¯0°஺.ᢣ4)▅I¦k7“eᦻ4᱐²ᜓIᵨ”OA᳛Ḅ஺Iᵨ⊤·ᡂ¸ᙢᑴ)ᦑ᣸◀C⌱⚗)2ஹ3ᶍ1ᵫD⌱⚗ᐵThefewcE)⌱⚗ᐵ-./Ḅafew012஺ᵫ⊤11.Ḅᑖ᪆cd)ᙠ:;4᱐=>/)eᦻfὅhHIJKeᦻ)UVWᑭYᑣᵫ7ᜧ_D`aQ)ᦪ¹eᦻfὅ•h»¼½q4LMuᦪ¹F⃩eᦻv⊤Ḅᜧ_`»R|)ᓽᦪᦪ.ᦑD⌱⚗2ஹ3ᶍ;Text3¿1ÀÁÂ᪀Ä᪵ᓄÇfÈÉÊËḄ'>1ÌÍÎÏᨵÐÑÒ%Ó⚗ÔᫀḄÕḄᑁI■®Ò×ÒG,ÕᔛḄ----Û"ឋÞÊ1Ë”ß%ᑁ®——ÈáâãäWåmiÓ☢2ççèᵨéêJëì⃩íîÈïឋÞäWcðñ°ò(ó■ãôõjëஹöÓ⚗ÔᫀTéøÔᫀḄ0@ឋj&.úÕTirMg■úþ"3«ᵪ”35”■-1atᨬ▾ᡂᢥ᯿ឋ!"ᑖ$%ಟ'()*+⚜Ḅ.⌕ឋ01ᶧ3‘56ᨵ)*+⚜᝕ឋᙠ:;ℏ=>ᡠᓰABCᕈEFGH:;ឋIJℏ=>ᡂᕒLMḄ✌⌕᪗PḄQRSTU“WX”YZ[ᐸ1YḄ]^ᓝ`abYឋcdᦈᦔgh119-

17C#$%᯿©Progressivesoftensupportdiversitymandatesasapath!ij`klᢝ᪵ᓄpqIJrtoequalityandawaytoleveltheplayingfield.©ButallloosbYcdtᡭ⌼:cwxy᛻Ḅ{|.oftensuchpoliciesareaninsincereformofvirtue-signalingthat(31)~s)rsYḄbenefitsonlythemostprivilegedanddoeslittletohelpaverage{|>ᨵᑭᨬᨵᱯᩗḄpeople.`6ᨵ஺OApairofbillssponsoredbyMassachusettsstateSenator(31)ᵫ⃬ᕒᩲGᑢ᧕¢JasonLewisandHouseSpeakerProTemporePatriciaHaddad,t£▾¤¥F¦ᱯ§ᝍ•ª«01Ḅtoensure“genderparity“onboardsandcommissions,providea¬⚗ᫀ¯ា±ḄB²¬⚗ᫀ³ᙠcaseinpoint.´µᙠᳮ=>t·ᕒ>¸bY“ឋcd”஺OHaddadandLewisareconcernedthatmorethanhalftheª«tᑢ᧕¢¹º»ar¼Ḅ)state-governmentboardsarelessthan40percentfemale.૙In*ᳮ=>¸᝕ឋᡠᓰABᙳ¾40%°Jordertoensurethatelitewomenhavemoresuchopportunities,´µ¿À᝕ឋÁᨵÂ᪵ḄÃ>ÄÅ0theyhaveproposedimposinggovernmentquotas.૚IfthebillsbÆ)*,᝞ɬ⚗ᫀᨬÊᡂJbecomelaw,slateboardsandcommissionswillberequiredtoËÌÍᳮ=>t·ᕒ>Î⌕ᙠ2022Ïsetaside50percentofboardseatsforwomenby2022.ÐÑJ᝕ឋ⚜ᶇ150%Ḅ·ᕒ>ÓÔ஺OI,hebillsaresimilartoameasurerecentlyadoptedin¬⚗ᫀÕᨬÖᙠ×ᑭØÙÚ`aCalifornia^whichlastyearbecamethefirststatetorequireḄr⚗ᫀÛÜÝÏÞᡂJ⌕ßà⃩âgenderquotasforprivatecompanies.૙Insigningthemeasure,ãb"ឋḄrä஺(32)ᙠåæCaliforniaGovernorJerryBrownadmittedthatthelaw,whichÞᫀ¥×Fᩲ§•çᨽéêrexpresslyclassifiespeopleonthebasisofsex,isprobablyᩩì´ᢥ▲ឋᑖ$ḄËîïðunconstitutional.ñòḄ஺OTheUSSupremeCourtfrownsonsex-basedclassificationsóᨬ▾ᡂᢥ᯿ឋ!"unlesstheyaredesignedtoaddressanuimportantMpolicyᑖ$◀õÞᑖ$³ᙠö÷“ø⌕Ḅ”)interest.૙BecausetheCalifornialawappliestoallboards,ᑭ%3⚪..^J×ᑭØÙÚḄË〉ᵨevenwherethereisnohistoryofpriordiscrimination,courtsareᡠᨵᳮ=>ᓽýᳮ=>ÐÑ6ᨵឋþÿlikelytorulethatthelawviolatestheconstitutionalguaranteeofḄᐜ▾““equalprotection.M”Ḅ஺૘Butaresuchgovernmentmandatesevennecessary?᪵Ḅ!ᔲᨵ$⌕ᕖ'()©Femaleparticipationoncorporateboardsmaynotcurrently᝕ឋᙠ-.ℏ012Ḅ345ᦪ78mirrorthepercentageofwomeninthegeneralpopulation,but᧜ᐸᙠ-.;5<2ᡠᓰḄ?@A᝞sowhat?Cᕖ'૘Thenumberofwomenoncorporateboardshasbeen(33)ᙠDᨵE⚜ḄGHI-.ℏsteadilyincreasingwithoutgovernmentinterference.•According012᝕ឋḄ5ᦪJKᙠLMNO,CatalysttoastudybyCatalyst,between201()and2015theshareofḄJ⚗ẆSTU2010VW2015VXwomenontheboardsofglobalcorporationsincreasedby54᝕ឋᙠᐰᳫ[\ℏ012ᡠᓰ?N]percent.54%஺A■18

18OKequiringcompaniestomakegendertheprimary34⌕^-._ឋ`abℏ01ᡂᕒequalificationforboardmembershipwillinevitablyleadtofḄ✌⌕᪗i_jklᙢnop⃩rslessexperiencedprivatesectorboards.૙Thatisexactlywhatℏ⌕ᐰt◅vwx!yzᙠᐰ{}ᑁhappenedwhenNorwayadoptedanationwidecorporategender-.ឋ`ḄGHquota.᰿•ᙠ{ᐳᩖ2ᢣ૘WritinginTheNewRepublic,AliceLeenotesthatℏ01ᡂᕒḄNᓾDᨵᔠincreasingthenumberofopportunitiesforboardmembershipḄ᝕ឋᙠℏ012efnowithoutincreasingthepoolofqualifiedwomentoserveonsuch“”¡¢J£¤᝕ឋᙠj¢ℏ01boardshasledtoa“goldenskirt"phenomenon,wherethesame2ᓰ¥Ḽ§Jelitewomenscoopupmultipleseatsonavarietyofboards.I¨©ᨵ5_-.abª«ឋ`©Nexttimesomebodypushescorporatequotasasawaytopromotegenderequity,rememberthatsuchpoliciesarelargelyḄJ¬®¯°±²ᙠᜧ´self-servingmeasuresthatmaketheirsponsorsfeelgoodbutdoµ¶·!ᑭ¹Ḅºᫀ¼½¾᎝ºὅÁÂÃlittletohelpaveragewomen.Ä,ÅÆÇ᝕ឋḄÈÉᓾÊËᐸÌ▲C/ᫀ1᪆31.TheauthorbelievesthatthebillssponsoredbyLewisaὅÎbᑢ᧕ÑÒÓÔÕḄºᫀ⌱⚗ᜐandHaddadwill_________.1______OA.helplittletoreducegenderbiasA.ÅÙÚឋ`ÛÜÝËDᨵÈÉJஹßàB.poseathreattothestategovernmentB.Åá᪀ᡂzãäà૘åC.raisewomen'spositioninpoliticsC.Õæ᝕ឋḄçᙢäà૚åD.greatlybroadencareeroptionsD.᩽ᜧᙢNOf\⌱éêàூìíJ௃ïðñ⚪EóḄôµõö——᝞Cøxõ⚪Eᐵúûüb¡billssponsoredby,LewisHaddad஺᪷¥ᳮõÿᦻḄᜧ✌ᐜᑮ஺ᑮᵫ⃬ᕒJasonLewis▾PatriciaHaddadḄ⚗ᫀ#$ា&Ḅ'(1)⚗ᫀ*ᙠ,-ᙠᳮ/01ᕒ0234“ឋ789”஺;<,>ᜐ@LewisHaddadḄ⚗ᫀᙳ$BCDEFᦻᑮḄGHIJK>⌕MNOὅḄᐹRIJ◤ὶUFᦻ.W૘Xᢣ,Z[\]^_`ᢝbc᪵ᓄfgOBWH3489ᡭ⌼j8klm᛻ḄopqḼ૙XᵨBuiOBtᢚᢣ)Hvwxx$WHyzR4Ḅ{|o}0ᨵᑭᨬᨵᱯᩗḄ\2^\ᨵ஺F;NLewisHaddadḄᫀ$c᪵ᓄfg3489ᡭ⌼j8klm᛻ḄᐹR/'Oὅ)⚗ᫀB)⚗ᫀ^\ᨵ஺ᣚ,^\ᩭ)⚗ᫀ34“ឋ789”Ḅ⊭A⌱⚗>⊤¡ᦑ£,஺3¤¥ᵫ¦2[M£,§ᫀK>¦3[ḕᶍWூ«¬௃®§¯⌱⚗°Ḅ±²³§W᝞µ¶ᔣᓺE᣸◀»᡾⚗¦1[½ᵫA⌱⚗ᐵ¿ÀÁgenderbias;gÂÃஹᓝ⌱⚗ᐵ¿ÀÁᑖ72Ḅ“genderAparily”ᓝ2Ḅgenderequity⊤¶°ᵫF⊤¦1[Ḅᑖ᪆;N>ᜐ@LewisHaddad19஺

19Ḅ⚗ᫀᙳ$BCDEFᦻᑮḄGHIJÊËMNOὅḄᐹRIJ,ᦑ◤ὶUFᦻ஺¦2[½ᵫF⊤¦2[WḄᑖ᪆;NOὅ)⚗ᫀ.B)⚗ᫀ^\ᨵᓽ^\ᩭ)⚗ᫀ34“ឋ789”Ḅ⊭A⌱⚗>⊤¡ᦑ£,஺¤ᵫWஹᑨÎ⌱⚗£,.ᦑÏᑖ᪆ᓝ஺¦3[½ᶍ஺¦1[½ᵫB⌱⚗ᐵ¿ÀÁthestategovernment;gÂÃ૘X஺XᑮHaddadLewisÐBÑÒÓWÔḄvÕᳮ/02᝕ឋᡠᓰÙ'ᙳÚ40%>ᜐÛ@HaddadLewisḄᫀ0vÕ᪀ᡂÞß.ᦑ᣸◀B⌱⚗;¦2ஹ3[½ᶍ¦1[½ᵫC⌱⚗ᐵ¿áwomenpolitics;gÂÃ૚Xᐸ2politicsX2Ḅstateboardsandcommissionsã஺Xᑮ᝞ä)⚗ᫀᨬåᡂBæçèᳮ/01ᕒ0é⌕ᙠ2022êCëB᝕ឋ⚜ᶇ50%Ḅ1ᕒ0îÂ>ᜐï⊤ð⚗ᫀᨵ;0ñvÕò᪀2᝕ឋóÂḄÙ'ÊÛ@óÂḄñôK>ñ᝕ឋḄvõᙢÂË®R4ᦑ᣸◀C⌱⚗¦2ஹ3[½ᶍ½¦1[½ᵫD⌱⚗ᐵ¿ábroadenoptions;gÂÃ÷ᐸ2broaden2Ḅincreasingãoptions2Ḅopportunitiesãᑮ᰿ùú•üḄIJ½ℏ/0ᡂᕒḄîÂïþcÊᓾDᨵᔠḄ᝕ឋᙠℏ“”ᵫ!"#$%&'()ᕡḼ#⌱-%./01'23ὅḄ56ᦑ᣸◀D⌱⚗஺<2ஹ3>?ᶍ஺32.WhichofthefollowingistrueoftheCaliforniaᐵV.ᑭXYZ[Ḅ\ᫀ^ᑡ`⚗ab⌱⚗Sᜐmeasure?cTdḄeA.Ilhasirritatedprivatebusinessowners.A.gh᝼j⃩l#ᡠᨵὅ஺n1૘oB.ItiswelcomedbytheSupremeCourt.B.gpᨬrb▾tᯠvw.y1஺oC.ItmaygoagainsttheConstitution.C.gz{|}b஺n1૙oD.Itwillsettlethepriorcontroversies.D.g~NᐜḄ\஺y1૙oூBCD௃FGH⚪JKḄLMNOD᝞QRSTN⚪Jᐵ?Californiameasu஺᪷ᳮNᦻḄᜧb✌ᐜᑮn1஺n1૘oᢣS⚗\ᫀᨬᙠ.ᑭXYZ[ḄD⚗\ᫀ¡¢£૙oᢣSᙠ¤¥0\ᫀ.[[¦ᩲ1¨•ªᨽ¬Dᩩ¯d~°ᢥ᯿ឋ³ᑖµḄb¶·zc{}bḄᵫ¸.ᑭXYZ[Ḅ\ᫀz{|}bᦑC⌱⚗TdC2ஹ3¹ºᵫ<1>RSTdOᫀ»<2ஹ3>ḕᶍூBC௃FOH⌱⚗KḄLMNO——᝞Qᔣᓺ᣸◀J᡾⚗<1>?ᵫA⌱⚗ᐵprivatebusiness½¾¿n1૘o,⌱⚗ᐵ0oḄprivatecompanies⊤)¡Â஺0oÃᑮ,⚗\ᫀᨬᙠ.ᑭXYZ[ḄD⚗\ᫀ¡¢ÄÅ0[ᡂA⌕Èj⃩l#ÉÊឋ³ËÌḄ?ᶍ<1>?ᵫB⌱⚗ᐵtheSupremeCourt½¾¿y1૘o⌱⚗ᐵ0oḄTheUSSupremeCourt¡ÐÑ஺0oÃᑮÒÓᨬrb▾(Ôᡂ~°ᢥ᯿ឋ³ÕÊᑖµ◀20ᑖµÖᙠNB“×⌕Ḅ”ØÙᑭÚG⚪ᜐ'ÎÃÏÒÓᨬrb▾Ð.ᑭXYZ[\ᫀḄ᝱Mᦑ᣸◀B⌱⚗஺<2ஹ3>?ᶍ஺r20

20<1>?ᵫC⌱⚗ᐵgoagainsttheConstitution½¾¿n1૙oy1૙o⌱⚗ᐵᑖ³n1૙oḄunconstitutionaly1૙oḄviolatestheconstitutionalguarantee⊤)¡Â.ᵫÜ⊤C<1>Ðn1૙oḄᑖ᪆!.ᑭXYZ[Ḅ\ᫀz{|}b,ᦑC⌱⚗Td஺¹ᵫn1૙oᑨßS0⌱⚗Td.ᦑᜐ(àᑖ᪆y1૙o஺<2ஹ3>?ᶍ<1>?ᵫD⌱⚗ᐵáprior½¾¿y1ডoD0oᢣS,».ᑭXYZ[Ḅb¶〉ᵨVᡠᨵᳮDᓽæᳮçᨵឋ³èéḄᐜêb▾ë·zì½0b¶{“íîïð”Ḅ}bïñᜐ'ÎÃÏ.ᑭXYZ[Ḅ\ᫀ~NᐜḄ\ᦑ᣸◀D⌱⚗஺<2ஹ3>?ᶍ33.TheauthormentionsthestudybyCatalystto3ὅÃᑮCatalystḄẆóca⌱⚗Sᜐillustrate______.¯_____OA.theharmfromarbitraryboarddecisionA.ℏ)ÙᡠõᩭḄᓻøᦻÎÃB.theimportanceofconstitutionalguaranteesB.}bïñḄ×⌕ឋy1૙oC.thepressureonwomeninglobalcorporationsC.ᐰᳫl#᝕ឋḄûüý1૙oD.theneedlessnessofgovernmentinterventionsD.ØþJ⚜Ḅ⌕ឋூ௃⚪Ḅ᝞⚪ᐵthestudybyCalalysl஺᪷#ᳮ%ᦻḄ'ᜧ)*+✌ᐜ.ᑮ૙0஺10ᢣ+1CatalystḄ⚗Ẇ567,20109:20159;+᝕ឋᙠᐰᳫ@AℏCDEᡠᓰHIJKL54%஺ᵫOP*QRὅTᑮCatalystUẆ5ḄVḄ+ᦑ◤ὶZ[ᦻ஺૘0ᢣ+ᙠ\ᨵ^_⚜Ḅabc+deℏCDE᝕ឋḄfᦪhᙠijJk஺ᵫOlQ+2૙0TᑮḄCatalystḄẆ5ᓽ஺0ᡠnopḄCqr#.ᓽPr^_tᔲvw⚜+ℏCDEḄ᝕ឋfᦪxDJk,ly+RὅTᑮCatalystḄẆ5tLz{^_⚜Ḅ⌕ឋ+ᦑD⌱⚗}3~ᵫ2j}ᫀ,O3jḕᶍூ௃⌱⚗Ḅ——᝞ᔣᓺ+᣸◀᡾⚗AA⌱⚗ᑁᙠᦻEP*.ᦻETℏCDḄᐵ+ᦑ᣸◀A⌱⚗஺1jᵫB⌱⚗ᐵconstitutionalguaranteesl:૙0஺10Tᑮ+ᓽᳮCD\BᨵឋḄᐜI+*▾¢£l¤¥1*¦§L“©ª«¬”Ḅ®*«¯+Oᜐ±ᨩ³®*«¯Ḅ´⌕ឋ+µᐸ·CatalystḄẆ5Pᐵ+ᦑ᣸◀B⌱⚗஺2ஹ3jᶍ.1jᵫC⌱⚗ᐵwomen¹globalcorporationsl:૙0஺10Tᑮ+CatalystḄ⚗CẆ567+20109:20159;+᝕ឋᙠᐰᳫ@AℏCDEᡠᓰHIJKL54%஺OᜐTᐰᳫ@AE᝕ឋḄº»+ᦑ᣸◀C⌱⚗஺2ஹ3jᶍ1jᵫD⌱⚗ᐵgovernmentinterventionsl:૘0,⌱⚗ᐵ·10EḄgovernmentintederence⊤½஺10ᢣ+ᙠ\ᨵ^_⚜Ḅabc+deℏCDE᝕ឋḄfᦪhᙠijJk஺ly,^_Ḅ⚜⌕+µᵫOP*ᑨ¿UtᔲRὅTᑮCatalystḄẆ5VḄ+Dᦑ◤ὶZcᦻ.2j૙0ᢣ+CatalystḄ⚗Ẇ567+20109:20159;,᝕ឋᙠᐰᳫ@AÀCDEᡠᓰHIJKL54%஺Á[lQ,૙0TCatalystḄẆ5tLvjÂ૘0Ḅop,ᣚÄ+RὅTCatalystUẆ5tLz{^_⚜Ḅ⌕ឋ+ᦑD⌱⚗}3jᶍ

2134.Norway'sadoptionofanationwidecorporategenderÝÞᙠᐰßáᑁqwdeឋâã+ä⌱⚗ᜐquotahasledto_______.å______oæ'૙0A.theunderestimationofelitewomen'sroleA.éêë᝕ឋRᵨḄíîïB.theobjectiontofemaleparticipationonboardsB.é᝕ឋó·ℏCDô૙0C.theentryofunqualifiedcandidatesintotheboardC.¤õḄ᎛⌱fvᐭℏCDøD.thegrowingtensionbetweenlaborandmanagementD.úûᐵZüýþÿᦻூ௃⚪Ḅ——᝞⚪ᐵNorway'sadoptionofanationwidecorporategenderquota᪷5ᳮᦻḄ7ᜧ9:;✌ᐜ>ᑮ@A૙B;ᐸDadoptionEFBDḄadoptedG᪷H஺FBᢣ;KLMNᙠᐰQSᑁU1VWXឋZ[\]^Ḅ_`ᵫbc:dKe_`Ḅᐹgᑁh;ᓽMNUVWXឋZ[\Ḅjk;ᦑ◤ὶopᦻ஺@A૘Bᢣ;⌕rWXsឋZtℏvwᡂᕒz{Ḅ✌⌕᪗};s~ᙢ⃩ℏvw2~jᔠ@A૙Bd;MNUVWXឋZ[\ḄjkLℏvw~;ᓽ~Ḅᕒᐭℏvw;C⌱⚗⊤Eb;ᦑ3ᵫ2ᫀ;b3ḕᶍூ௃⌱⚗Ḅ——᝞¡ᔣᓺ¤;᣸◀᡾⚗1ᵫA⌱⚗ᐵelitewomen¬®7A૙B¯°A஺7A૙Bᢣ.²³´᝕ឋ¶ᨵ¸¹K᪵Ḅ»wᙠ¼½»᪀z{;¿ÀÁU¼½[\ðAᢣ;ℏvwᡂᕒḄÄÅƹ.AÇᓾÉᨵ¸¹ᔠÊḄ᝕ឋᙠKËℏvwDz{;KÌ“ÎÏ”^Ñ஺KÒᜐᙳÕ³´᝕ឋtᵨḄ×ᐵ;ᦑ᣸◀A⌱⚗஺2ஹ3ᶍ1ᵫB⌱⚗ᐵfemaleparticipationonboards¬®ÛA૙B஺FBᑮ,ÝÞ;᝕ឋᙠBWXℏvwDḄßEᦪáâ¡᧜ᐸᙠWXäåDᡠᓰḄèébᜐâ⊤ê“¡ë᝕ឋßEℏvw”ìí;ᦑ᣸◀B⌱⚗஺2ஹ3ᶍ“1ᵫC⌱⚗ᑁh¬®@A૘B;⌱⚗ᑁhEFBDḄlessexperienced...boards×ëï஺FBᑮ;⌕rWXsឋZtℏvwᡂᕒz{Ḅ✌⌕᪗};s~ᙢ⃩ℏvw~஺ᣚñì;WXsឋZt✌⌕᪗}w~áòzḄ᎛⌱ᐭℏvw,Çᵫbc:dKLᔲMNUCVWXឋZ[\]ᡠḄjk;ᦑ◤ὶoõᦻ஺2@A૙Bᢣ;KLMNᙠᐰQSᑁUVWXឋZ[\]^Ḅ_`ö.૙B÷ø஺B;¤MNᙠᐰQSᑁUVWXឋZ[\]w~áòzḄ᎛⌱ᐭℏvwḄ_`;ᦑC⌱⚗஺3ᶍDD⌱⚗ᑁhᙠᦻDc:¬;ᦻDâÕúûᐵoḄ×ᐵ;ᦑ᣸◀D⌱⚗஺35.Whichofthefollowingcanbeinferredfromthetext?ᦻᑡ⚗⌱⚗ᜐA.Women'sneedinemploymentshouldbeconsidered.A.$ὃ⇋᝕ឋᙠ*+,☢Ḅ◤0஺2ᦻ34B.FeasibilityshouldbeaprimeconcerninB.5ឋ$6789Ḅ✌⌕ὃ⇋<=஺ᐰᦻpolicymaking.*22

22C.Everyoneshouldtryhardtopromotesocialjustice.c.QRST$6UVWXYZ[P஺2ᦻ34D.Majorsocialissuesshouldbethefocusoflegislation.D.\ᜧYZD⚪$ᡂ_`aḄ\b஺2ᦻ34ூ@AB௃DE⚪GHḄIJKLB᝞NOPK⚪Gᐵdef_ginferredhthetext.⚪G⌕0ᐰᦻX5,ᵫklamnopqᦑstXᐭv13wᙠxᐰᦻyzḄ{|K⚪஺26w}~{஺ᦻBᢣ,XwSᢝ᪵ᓄo_hᡭ⌼[᛻Ḅ,qᐸᙠ▲ឋஹ4ᑮ⚗¡ᫀḄ£Ḅhᑁ¥¦ஹ§4ᑮ⚗¡ᫀ¨©ª¡ᫀḄ«¬ឋὅ¯°±G⚜Ḅ³⌕ឋ4ᶧDµCatalystḄB⚗Ẇ·¸¹_º»q¼½ᓽ¿Àᨵ°±G⚜q᝕ឋᙠ[ÂℏÄZḄÅÆÇᕈÉÊËÌÍÎÏ_Æqᢣ[ÂឋÐ_ℏÄZᡂᕒÒÓḄ✌⌕᪗mZÕÖ×⃩ÙÚℏÄZÛÜÝÞßàáâ“äå”çèᐸḄ2<ᓝᢣqê{ëìឋÐ3ᦈᦔïð஺ñòó,ôᦻឋÐëì°9_Æõöq÷ᐭøù“᪵ᓄo_Búhᡭ⌼[᛻Ḅ,”ḄÝᔠᳮឋ஺ᦻ¿ᵨᜧþÿឋᑣᜧᦪᑴឋḄ"⌕ឋB⌱⚗⊤'()*,ᦑ-./ᦻ123☢56789:-;⚪=>1?@A8Bᔙᦑ᣸◀C⌱⚗஺AஹDH?⌱⚗ᑁJᙠᦻL=MNᦑO᣸◀஺ூQRS௃1UV⌱⚗WḄ@AXU——᝞[\ᔣᓺ_᣸◀`᡾⚗ABbᵫூQR௃.B⌱⚗-.AஹCஹDd?⌱⚗ᙳf`᡾⚗ᦑ)ᜐhij'஺CDText4Clmn᪀[q-ஹSs:uvwxᦪyz{|uᫀᔁ᦮◤MJ⌕|[,qSsᦪyz{|᩽ᜧᩭḄ=ஹ„n\ᵫ"ᑮ¡ᦋ£¤¥¦|qqd¨ss©ª«ᐸᓫ®¯v|°{±ᩩª³«Ḅv´°µ¶vf▭¸|ᨵᦈvᩩ▭|³ᦈᑴAb»xq¼sOECD-(?v°½¾¿XÀv▭|ᦈᑴA£¥ḄÁ⚪,qÂsuvᦪyz{|ÃᩭÄÅv▭|ᦈᑴA᝞hᦋ☩ÇvÈÉ☢ÊË"ÌÍCÎÏ᯿OLastThursday,theFrenchSenatepassedadigitalV36WÑᕜ¨uvÓ▾ᢗἠwxᦪservicestax,whichwouldimposeanentirelynewtaxonlargeyz{|uᫀ×⚗ᐰ´Ḅ|Ù,ÚÉmultinationalsthatprovidedigitalservicestoconsumersorᙠuvfÛÜὅᡈᵨᡝáâᦪyz{ḄᜧusersinFrance.૙DigitalservicesincludeeverythingfromµÇvÈᦈ|³,ᦪyz{ᒹä1áâprovidingaplatformforsellinggoodsandservicesonlinetoᙠåᖪçz{├éêᑮëìᵨᡝᦪNítargetingadvertisingbasedonuserdata,andthetaxappliestoîᢗïðÅḄᡠᨵò☢óᦪyz{|〉ᵨgrossrevenuefromsuchservices.૚ManyFrenchpoliticiansì1)õz{LöḄ÷ᦈᐭ஺©uvandmediaoutletshavereferredtothisasa"GAFAlax,“ù°úûÉᐸüf“GAFA|”þÿmeaningthatitisdesignedtoapplyprimarilytocompanies⌕〉ᵨGoogleஹAppleஹ23஺

23suchasGoogle,Apple,FacebookandAmazon—inotherwords,Ὴ(Facebook)(Amazon)#$multinationaltechcompaniesbasedintheUnitedStates.%&'——ᣚ*+,-ᓽ/0123ᙠ56૙ThedigitalservicestaxnowawaitsthesignatureofḄ869ᢈ&'-PresidentEmmanuelMacron,whohasexpressedsupportfortheᦪ<=>?@ABᙠCD1EFGFmeasure,anditcouldgointoeffectwithinthenextfewweeks.H•JKL<-MN⊤PQᢝ#⚗Tᫀ-VWXTᫀYZᙠ[\ᩭḄ$ᕜᑁ`ᦔ૙BuiithasalreadysparkedsigniGcantcontroversy,withthe(37)d-eḼ56g᧕i⊤jX?ᔲlUnitedStatestraderepresentativeopeninganinvestigationinto56&'᪀ᡂopqrst-uvYZwxwhetherthetaxdiscriminatesagainstAmericancompanies,yz┐l|6Ḅg᧕ᑴ~-ᦪ<=>?NwhichinturncouldleadtotradesanctionsagainstFrance.᩽ᜧT஺૘TheFrenchtaxisnotjustaunilateralmovebyone|6Ḅᦪ<=>?V◤⌕countryinneedofrevenue.Winstead,thedigitalservicestax?ᦈḄ6%Ḅᓫ஺-ispartofamuchlargertrend,withcountriesoverthepastfewᜧḄ2ᑖ-$-ᦪ6%yearsproposingorputtinginplaceanalphabetsoupofnewTᡈ¡¢<£¤i¥Ḅ¦§6▭internationaltaxprovisions.©ThesehaveincludedBritain's?ᦈᩩªC#0ᩩªᒹ®6ḄDPT(w²DPT(divertedprofitstax),Australia'sMAAL(multinationalᑭ´?)ஹµᜧᑭBḄMAAL(86&'anti-avoidancelaw),andIndia'sSEP(significanteconomic)ᓺ¹ḄSEP(¼℉¾¿ᙠ)Àpresence)test,tonamebutafew.0Atthesametime,theᑣ-#0ᐸ$Ã஺ÄÅ-ÆÇஹÈÉᱛஹEuropeanUnion,Spain,Britainandseveralothercountries®6ËᐸM$6%ÌÍᙠÎÏὃ⇋ᦪhaveallseriouslycontemplateddigitalservicestaxes.<=>?COTheseunilateraldevelopmentsdifferintheirspecifics,#0ᓫ?>ᩩªᙠᔜÓÔ⁚Ö☢ᨵᡠbuttheyarealldesignedtotaxmultinationalsonincomeandÄ-dÚÍ06%¢l86&'revenuethatcountriesbelievetheyshouldhavearighttotax,ḄÛᦈᐭË1ᦈᐭÝ?¤@Ḅx3ÞḄ஺evenifinternationaltaxrulesdonotgrantthemthatright.#06%ΤÓßᨵᩗl#0ᦈᐭÝᦈ?૙Inotherwords,theyallshareaviewthattheinternationaltaxª-áâ6▭?|VãäåMÚX⚗ᩗᑭ஺(38)ᣚ*+,-MÚÍΤ-6▭?ᦈᑴ¹systemhasfailedtokeepupwiththecurrenteconomy.Nçè@AḄ¾éêOlnresponsetothesemanyunilateralmeasures,theë¤l#0ᓫᩩªḄìí-¾ᔠëOrganizationforEconomicCooperationandDevelopmentïðqñò(OECD)@ABï1316%õ(OECD)iscurrentlyworkingwith131countriestoreachaö÷-¢ᙠ2020úûAjXü⚪Ḅ6consensusbytheendof2020onaninternationalsolution.▭ឋÿᫀᡂᐳ(39)•BothFranceandtheUnitedStatesareinvolvedintheᑮḄḄᦪorganization,swork,butFrance'sdigitalservicestaxandthe!Ḅ"#$%&'▭!ᦈᑴ+Americanresponseraisequestionsaboutwhatthefutureholds,-.ᔣ0᪵Ḅ2ᩭ45ᶧ7,fortheinternationallaxsystem.9:;<Ḅᦪ!=>?@A૘France'splannedtaxisaclearwarning:UnlessabroadḄBCD◀FGHI▭!ᦈᑴ+Ḅᦋ☩consensuscanbereachedonreformingtheinternationaltaxᡂLMᐳᔲᑣᐸQRSG-ᦔUsystem,othernationsarelikelytofollowsuit,andAmericanVW,☢YZ[Rᔣᐸ\ᦈ>]^!_companieswillfaceacascadeofdifferenttaxesfromdozensof`a!_bᶧ,ᦪcdᜧf-gVWhᩭnationsthatwillproveburdensomeandcostly.ijḄkl஺£24

24G1/ᫀ1᪆36.TheFrenchSenatehaspassedabillto_______.▾ᫀ=_____=⌱⚗ᜐA.regulatedigitalservicesplatformsA.ᦪ>૙B.protectFrenchcompanies,interestsB.VWḄᑭ>૚C.imposealevyontechmultinationalsC.'¡¢ᢈVW\ᦈ!_>஺D.curbtheinfluenceofadvertisingD.▲ᑴLCḄ¦§>૙ூ©ª>௃¬7⚪¯°Ḅ±+²³>᝞µ¶·²⚪¯ᐵ¹º»DTheFrenchSenate஺᪷½ᳮ²¿ᦻḄÁᜧ✌ᐜ"ᑮ>஺஺Äᑮ1▾ᢗἠᦪ!ᫀ,'ÇÈὅᡈᵨᡝÄÍᦪḄᜧΡVW\ᦈ!_஺ÄÍᦪḄVWᓽ¢ᢈVWÐÑ▾ᫀ='¡¢ᢈVW\!ᦑC⌱⚗·A2x3ÕÖᵫØ1Ú¶·A³ᫀÐÑØ2ஹ3Úḕᶍூ©ªÞ௃¬³⌱⚗°Ḅ±+²³>᝞µßᔣᓺá᣸◀¯᡾⚗Ø1ÚDᵫA⌱⚗ᐵ¹º»digitalservicesplatformsSäåæ■—૙஺Äᑮᦪᒹê¬AÄÍᙠìᖪîï├ñᑮòóᵨᡝᦪ½9ôᢗõLCḄᡠᨵ☢஺Ñᜐ=²øù@ᦪᒹúḄᑁü,ý2Äïᦪᦑ᣸◀A⌱⚗஺Ø2ஹ3ÚDᶍØ1ÚDᵫB⌱⚗ᐵ¹þFrenchcompaniesSäåæ>૚஺ÄᑮZ[ÿᐸᦪ-GAFA”⌕〉ᵨGoogleஹ'(AppleஹῊ+FacebookB0123Amazon789:;<=Ḅ?=@ᢈBC஺EF,HᜐJKLMNO=BCᑭQḄRᐵTUᦑ᣸◀B⌱⚗஺\2ஹ3_`ᶍ஺\1_`ᵫC⌱⚗ᐵefimposeஹlevy0multinationalsEm;nop஺qᐸrlevystqrḄtax⊤CRwᵫx⊤\1_ytqḄᑖ᪆E|O=}~▾Oᫀy?=@ᢈBCᦑC⌱⚗஺\2ஹ3_`ᶍ஺\1_`ᵫD⌱⚗ᐵefadvertisingEm;nop૙q஺tqLᑮᦪᒹᵨᡝᦪDᢗHᜐᦪḄᑁJKL▲ᑴḄRᐵTUᦑ᣸◀D⌱⚗஺\2ஹ3_`ᶍ஺37.ItcanbelearnedfromParagraph2thatthedigital§\¨prE©ª|ᦪ⌱⚗¬ᜐservicestax_______.______OA.maytriggercountermeasuresagainstFranceA.E®¯°┐yO=Ḅ²ᑴ³´¨p૙qB.isapttoarousecriticismathomeandabroadB.᧕¯°=ᑁ᜜Ḅᢇ¸¨p૙qC.aimstoeaseinternationaltradetensionsC.¹᪗»0=▭½᧕Ḅ¾¿ÀÁ¨p૙qop૚qD.willpromptthetechgiantstoquitFranceD.ÄÅᜧÇ@ᢈBC⌨¬O=¨pூÊËo௃§Í⚪ÏḄÐÑÒo᝞Ôª¬⚪ÏᐵeTU`Paragraph20thedigitalservicestaxÖ⚪ᓝ⌕ا¨prª¬ᐵᦪḄRᐵ01TU.ᦑÙÚÛᐭ\3_ᙠÞ¨pßḄàr⚪஺2t_áâ25஺

25¨p૘qLᑮᦪ¹éᙠêë9ìíEᓽïᦔñ૙qLᑮòóḼ<=½᧕õ⊤ötᔲy<=BC᪀ᡂúûüýþÿ┐Ḅ᧕ᑴᦪ3᩽ᜧᵫ"#$%&᧕'⊤)*ᦪ&+,᪀ᡂ/012345ᑮ᧕ᑴ78&9:;ᦪḄᢙ=>8$?@ᑴABᦑA⌱⚗FG஺ூÊ˨௃§Ò⌱⚗ḄÐÑÒ——᝞Ô²ᔣᓺç᣸◀Ï᡾⚗I1KLᵫA⌱⚗ᑁO*PQR>૙S⌱⚗ᑁOTUSVḄcouldleadtotradesanctionsagainstAFrance⊤efg஺ᵫh⊤I3KUSḄᑖ᪆#ᦪḄlm┐Ḅ᧕ᑴ78&:;ᦪḄ@ᑴABᦑA⌱⚗FGI2ஹ3KLᶍI1KLᵫB⌱⚗ᐵstarouse*PQR>૙S⌱⚗ᐵstTUSVḄsparkedf9஺USwᑮBᦪ᩽ᜧLxᜐzw{ᦪ|}~w{ᐸ8ᔲ|ᑁ᜜Ḅᢇᦑ᣸◀B⌱⚗஺I2ஹ3KLᶍ஺I1KLᵫC⌱⚗ᐵsttrade*PQR>૙S஺ᵫh⊤I3KUSḄᑖ᪆#,$%&᧕'C⊤)*ᦪ&+,᪀ᡂ/0345ᑮ᧕ᑴ,7:▭hᒓ▭᧕Ḅᦑ᣸◀C⌱⚗I2ஹ3KLᶍI1KLᵫD⌱⚗ᐵstechgiants*PQ$>૚S,⌱⚗ᐵsTUSVḄmultinationaltechcompaniesf9஺USwᑮ{¡ᐸ¢ᦪ£¤¥“GAFA”e©8ª«⌕〉ᵨ¯°±¢Google£ஹ²³¢Apple£ஹῊµ¢Facebook£·¸¹¢Amazon£7»¼½P¯&DḄ¾¿ᢈ+,஺ᵫÁÂ#7Ã&Ḅ¾¿ᢈ+,8ᔲ|⌨ÅÆÇ¥⚪É⌕ÊËᔠIR>ᑁOᦑ◤ὶÏÐᦻ஺I2KLᵫh⊤I3KR>Ḅᑖ᪆#7Ò}~w{ᜧÓ¿ᢈ+,⌨Åᦑ᣸◀D⌱⚗஺I3KÔᶍR38.Thecountriesadoptingtheunilateralmeasuresshare:BᓫçᩩéḄê)¥______o⌱⚗Åᜐtheopinionthat_______.A.redistributionoflechgiants'revenuemustbeensuredA.îïGð¿ᢈñᜮᦈᐭḄõöᑖ÷ø>஺SB.thecurrentinternationaltaxsystemneedsupgradingB.ùᨵḄ▭ᦈᑴÜ◤⌕ᦋüø>C.techmultinalionals,monopolyshouldbepreventedC.9þÿᢈḄᚘ•D.allcountriesoughttoenjoyequaltaxingrightsD.ᡠᨵ$%&'(ᨵ)*Ḅ+,ᩗ૙ூÖ×$௃ÙÚ¢⚪É£ḄÛÜÝÞ——᝞áÂÅFÝ⚪/ᐵ12345sharetheopinionthat5᪷8ᳮ:;ᦻḄ=ᜧ?@A✌ᐜDᑮ૙A⚪/ᐵ1231FGHḄshareaviewthat⊤LMN஺GPᑮAQR%S4▭,ᦈᑴWXYZ[\]^ḄY_`aAᓽQR%S4cᨵḄ▭,ᦈᑴW◤⌕ᦋg,iᵫkl@mn“QR”ḄᐹrᢣtAᦑ◤ὶwxᦻ஺஺PᑮAyzᓫ|,}ᩩᙠ⁚?☢ᨵᡠNAiR%z$+,4]2ḄḄAyz$S4ᨵᩗyzᦈᐭ+ᦈ,,“QR”ᓽᢣtᓫ|,}ᩩḄ$,yz$%S4cᨵḄ▭,ᦈᑴW◤⌕ᦋg.ᦑB⌱⚗3XYᵫ2mᫀAk3ḕᶍூ¤¥¦௃¨©⌱⚗ªḄ«W:——᝞®¯ᔣᓺ²A᣸◀/᡾⚗15ᵫA⌱⚗ᐵ123techgiants¸revenue¹º»૘AᐸHtechgiantsFGHḄAmuhinalionalsM&GPᑮAyzᓫ|,}ᩩ%Ḅ¾ᦈᐭ¿Àᦈᐭ+,4]Ḅ*26

26ḄAÃᐸᦈᐭÄÅᑖÇAᦑ᣸◀A⌱⚗஺2ஹ35ᶍ15ᵫB⌱⚗ᑁʹº»૙,⌱⚗ᑁÊFGHḄtheinternationaltaxsystemhasfailedtokeepupwithihecurrenteconomyM&஺ᵫx⊤1GḄᑖ᪆nAQR%S4cᨵḄ▭,ᦈBᑴW◤⌕ᦋgA4Ì“QR”ḄᐹrᢣtAᦑ◤ὶwxᦻ஺25ᵫx⊤2૘Ḅᑖ᪆nA“QR”ᓽᢣtᓫ|,}ᩩḄ$Ayz$%S4cᨵḄ▭,ᦈᑴW◤⌕ᦋgAᦑB⌱⚗஺35ᶍ515C⌱⚗ᐵ1ÍmultinationalsᙠᦻHÎÏc,l@йº.ÑÒÓᔠ⚪/theunilateralmeasures¹º»૘A⚪/ᐵ123FGHḄTheseunilateraldevelopmentsM&°ᵫx⊤C2૘Ḅᑖ᪆nAᓫ|ᩩḄ$S4ᨵᩗḄᦈᐭ+,AÖ×P¿ØᢈḄᚘAᦑ᣸◀C⌱⚗°2ஹ35ᶍ¦I5ᵫD⌱⚗ᐵ1Ítaxing¸rights¹º»૘஺GPᑮAᓫ|ᩩḄ$S4DᨵᩗḄᦈᐭ+,஺kᜐÖ×P¿ᡠᨵ$(ᨵ)*+,ᩗAᦑ᣸◀D⌱⚗஺2ஹ35ᶍ39.ItcanbelearnedfromParagraph5thattheOECD's¨ÚmnAOECDcᙠḄÛ⌱⚗ᜐcurrentwork______.____0¦૙A.isbeingresistedbyUScompaniesA.ÜᑮÝÞḄßᑴàB.needstobereadjustedimmediatelyB.◤⌕áᓽgâã᦮;ᦻ×PC.isfacedwithuncertainprospectsC.☢å¹Ḅ^æÚ૙D.needstoinvolvemorecountriesD.◤⌕çÎ$ḄèᐭÚ૙ூ¤¥௃¨é©⚪/ªḄ«W:᝞®m:⚪/ᐵ12345Paragraph5¸OECD'scurrentwork᪷8ᳮ:;ᦻḄ=ᜧ?@A✌ᐜDᑮÚ૘AᐸHOECD'scurrentworkFGHḄOECDiscurrentlyworkingM&஺GPᑮAOECD]^F1311ê$gâëìAᙠ2020ííîï^ðᓫ|ᩩé⚪Ḅ▭ឋ:ò?ᫀóᡂᐳö;ᵫkøl@mnOECDcᙠḄÛùúaAᦑ◤ὶwûᦻgâᑖ᪆஺Ú૙PᑮA@¸Þ%üFᑮÝOECDḄÛùHAi@ḄᦪþÿḄ2▭ᦈᑴᔣ᪵Ḅᩭᶧ,ᵫ!"#OECD$ᙠḄ&'(☢*Ḽ,-.Ḅ/0.ᦑC⌱⚗5-஺378ᵫ92:;<5-=ᫀ#?93:ḕᶍூCDE௃G=H⌱⚗IḄJK=L᝞NOᔣᓺQ#᣸◀T᡾⚗91:VᵫA⌱⚗ᐵXYZUScompanies.[\E]9^_]#⌱⚗ᐵXYZᑖabE]૙^b_]ḄAmericancompaniescE]૙^ᢣ<#e᧕g⊤ijkᔲmn᪀ᡂqrstAuvw_]xᑮ,◀z{|i▭ᦈᑴḄᦋ☩ᡂᐳ#ᔲᑣᐸ{ᦔ#mn☢*ᔣᐸᦈL஺ᜐᙳxmnᑴOECDḄ&'#ᦑ᣸◀A⌱⚗஺92ஹ3:Vᶍ-BB⌱⚗ᑁᙠᦻ.[#ᦻxOECDḄ&'◤⌕¢ᓽ¤¥u᦮ḄcᐵYZ#ᦑ᣸◀B⌱⚗஺91:VᵫC⌱⚗ᑁ.[\§]૙^#⌱⚗ᑁbj^ḄraisequestionsaboutwhalihefutureCholds⊤¨c©஺ᵫª⊤92:j^Ḅᑖ᪆",OECD$ᙠḄ&'(☢*Ḽ,-.Ḅ/0#ᦑC⌱⚗5-஺92ஹ3:Vᶍ,27஺

2791:VᵫD⌱⚗ᐵXinvolvecountries.[\§]૙^#,ᐸᐸcountriesbj^ḄFranceDtheUnitedStatesc஺j^xᑮ#®¯bᑮOECDḄ&'#xOECD◤⌕°Ḅ±ᐭ#ᦑ᣸◀D⌱⚗஺92ஹ3:Vᶍ஺40.WhichofthefollowingmightbetheIjesttitleforthistext?´ᑡ¶⚗{·¸ᦻḄᨬº᪗⚪¼⌱⚗<ᜐA.FranceIsConfrontedwithTradeSanctionsA.☢*Ḽe᧕ᑴ½E]૙^B.FranceLeadstheChargeonDigitalTaxB.᳛ᐜÀÁᦪÃᐰᦻC.FranceSays"NO"toTechMultinationalsC.ᔣÅÆᢈmnÈ“,”ᦻxD.FranceDemandsaRoleintheDigitalEconomyD.⌕ËᙠᦪÃ8ÌÍᢵ'ᵨᦻxூCDL௃GH⚪TIḄJK=L᝞N;<5K⚪TᐵXYZ·Vthebesttitleforthistext஺⚪T⌕Ë⌱<ᦻÑḄᨬº᪗⚪.◤GᐰᦻᐭÒ#ᦑÓÔ¤ᐭ193:ÕᐰᦻÖ×஺2j:ØÙÚ#ᦻÑLஹE]ᢣ<#¯Û▾ᢗἠßÚᦪÃàᫀ#jḄᭆâஹᐹäᑁஹ夥æçèé,êëìÈíjîÍ᩽ᜧḄñÛ#ᐸE]૙^x

281#$%᯿Olnasocialsituation,eyecontactwithanotherpersoncanᙠâãØᔠZÿᐝ⊤showthatyouarepayingattentioninafriendlyway.૙ButitcanᙠḄᐵḼ஺alsobeantagonistic,suchaswhenapoliticalcandidateturnsᐝᨵḄ!"᝞!$%towardtheircompetitorduringadebateandmakeseyecontact&'᎛⌱ᙠ*+,☢ᔣ/0Ḅ1234!thatsignalshostility.૚Here'swhathardsciencerevealsaboutᑣ6ᐝᩭ89,;<=>eyecontact:?ᐝᡠABḄCẆEF+G41.c.ᐝᗐḄIJKL41.C.Eyecontactcanbeafriendlysocialsignalᡃ0N⍝!PQḄRS6TᙢVOWeknowthatatypicalinfantwillinstinctivelygazeintoḼWXYZḄ[\!ᯠ^YZ6_`[itsmother'seyes,andshewilllookback.©ThismutualgazeWXḄabCcdYZeabfghisamajorpartoftheattachmentbetweenmotherandchild.iᐵjḄk⌕mᑖ஺ᡂp^!eᗐḄ©Inadulthood,lookingatsomeoneelseinapleasantwaycanᐝdq89Ḅrsឋᐵbeacomplimentarysignofpayingattention.01lcancatch஺ᙠuᢴḄwgx!cdᔾzqsomeone,sattentioninacrowdedroom.®bkEyecontactandḄ{஺“ᐝe}~”89smiles“cansignalavailabilityandconfidence,acommon-senseB᧕eWKḄKL!cᳮ>notionsupportedinstudiesbypsychologistMonicaMoore.ᓱG᥅ᙠ᝛ḄẆE,ᡠᢝḄPQឋE.Biologicalfactorsbehindeyecontactarebeingᭆ஺42.investigatedE.ᐝ^Ḅᱥ>ᙠẆ|ONeuroscientistBonnieAuyeungfoundthatthehormoneᑖ᪆☢,ὺὅe☢oxytocinincreasedtheamountofeyecontactfrommentowardḄᐝᔣḄ¡¢!£¤=>¥•ᝍtheinterviewerduringabriefinterviewwhenthedirectionᩰ©ª!«¬6®ὺὅ¯☢ᐝofiheirgazewasrecorded.©Thiswasalsofoundinhigh-Ḅᦪ±²c³´BªᙠµCfunctioningmenwithsomeautisticspectrumsymptoms,¶ᔣ·¸¹ᐝḄº»W¼½¾jwhomaytendtoavoideyecontact.©Specificbrainregions¿ÀḄᵱឋÂÃ஺ᐸ/ẆEὅᙠÅthatrespondduringdirectgazearebeingexploredbyotherᵨᐜḄᜧᾯÊËᢈÍ!ÎEᙠÏdÐ,researchers,usingadvancedmethodsofbrainscanning.¬ÑḄᱯÓᜧᾯÔÕ஺43.G.Eyecontactcanalsobeaggressive43.G.ᐝÖᶍឋḄOWiththeuseofeye-trackingtechnology,JuliaMinsonÅᵨ[ᳫÙÚᢈÍ!ÛÜᜧ>ÝÞoftheHarvardKennedySchoolofGovernmentconcludedß&à>▾Ḅᩋ⃅ä-æçABèc᪵ḄFthateyecontactcansignalverydifferentkindsofmessages,+G᪷ëìíḄ³´!ᐝ89ᔜdependingonthesituation.૙WhileeyecontactmaybeasignìíḄKï“ðᯠᙠḄñᔠ,!ᐝofconnectionortrustinfriendlysituations,it'smorelikelytoZóᡈKõḄ᪗÷!ᙠbeassociatedwithdominanceorintimidationinadversarialøḄñᔠ,!ᐝù¯úᡈûüsituations.૚“Whetheryou'reapoliticianoraparent,itmightᨵᐵ“æçý!”ìþ&ÿbehelpfullokeepinmindthattryingtomaintaineyecontactᱞᨵ——᝞ᙠmaybackfireifyou'retryingtoconvincesomeonewhohasaᨵḄ"#$%differentsetofbeliefsthanyou,“saidMinson.&'ᢝ)ᐝ+,-.〉0ᐸ2஺”29஺

2944.A.EyeGxationsarebrief44.A.)ᐝ6789:ᨚOWhenwelookatafaceorapicture,oureyespauseonᙠ67<Ὴᡈ?᯿ᱏ8ᡃCḄ)onespotatalime,oftenontheeyesormouth.WhesepausesᐝDEFGᶇᙠIJJᙠKLtypicallyoccurataboutthreepersecond,andtheeyesthenᡈᘂNI஺OPGQᜧSDT3E.ᯠjumptoanotherspot,untilseveralimportantpointsintheimageW)ᐝXᑮZ[ᑮ\]^_`areregisteredlikeaseriesofsnapshots.©Howthewholeimage⌕Ḅ]bᑡd᯿᪵fghᩭ,᦮isthenassembledandperceivedisstillamysteryalthoughitis\]+hᩭ᝞lf᦮ᔠnopᯠqthesubjectofcurrentresearch.rs)tẆvḄw⌕x⚪஺45.D.PersonalitycanaffecthowapersonreactstoeyecontactI|D."z{|")ᐝ+,Ḅ|45.II2~IOlnpeoplewhoscorehighinatestofneuroticism,aᐲẆv"ᕒ•ᛞᐸpersonalitydimensionassociatedwithself-consciousnessandᡠᙠᯖ⇋ᨵᐵḄanxiety,eyecontacttriggeredmoreactivityassociatedwith"z^0ᑖḄ")ᐝ+,avoidance,accordingtotheFinnishresearcherJariHietanenandcolleagues.૙“Ourfindingsindicatethatpeopledonot¡¢£¤ᨵᐵḄ¥¦“ᡃCḄẆvonlyfeeldifferentwhentheyarethecentreofattentionbutthat¨⊤ª«"Cᡂfᐵ6Ḅᯖ8®theirbrainreactionsalsodiffer."૚AmoredirectfindingisC¯n°±²ᜧᾯ2~´஺”thatpeoplewhoscoredhighfornegativeemotionslikeanxiety¡[+Ḅ¨µ¶#P·ᯖ⇋¸¹☢lookedatothersforshorterperiodsoftimeandreportedmore»¼0ᑖḄ"67®"Ḅ89½:ᙠ¾comfortablefeelingswhenothersdidnotlookdirectlyatthem.ᨵ"[7P"Ḅ8᎛®Cn°¡—〉"Á1ᐸ®⌱⚗ÄÅB.ToomucheyecontactisinstinctivelyfelttoberudeB.Æ¢Ḅ)ᐝ+,Ç.ᙢfÉÊËḄF.MostpeoplearenotcomfortableholdingeyecontactwithF.ᜧ¢ᦪ"ᙠÍÎ"'ᢝ)ᐝ+,8nᑮstrangers—£1ÏᫀÑ᪆_ÔÕÖᑖ᪆×ب᪀dÚÑ⚪1Û×ᑖܨ᪀〉ᔠdÚÑ⚪஺ᑖ᪆-oÛ×ᐹÞ¨᪀᝞hÖO...instinctivelygazeinto...<---------------@...mutualgaze...attachment...«---------------©*'Eyecontactandsmiles"cansignalavailabililyandconfidence...416...lookingat...complimentarysign...*-------©...catchsomeone,sattention...4-------Ç×tßàᑡáâã»äh)ᐝ+,åḄæEàᐸçèܨ஺✌ᐜ૘૙àᢣå7ìíîïð9ñòᐵbḄw⌕óᑖô+Ḽ૚àᢣå,ᡂöW÷ᗐḄ)ᐝ67ù"-÷úûüḄýþឋᐵᐸ૛ᢣᙠᢴḄᔾḄᨬE!"“$ᐝ&'()*”,-./᧕&'(12Ḅ2345ᑖ᪆230

3089:Ḅ᪶<=E9ᙠ>?$ᐝ&'./Ḅ@ABCஹᗐḄ2FGHAIJBᗐḄKL23஺NOᔜ⌱⚗STC⌱⚗ᑁ*VE⊤XIYᦑ[\]⌱⚗^ḄcanbeafriendlysocialsignalV9:૚^Ḅcanbeacomplimentarysign(E^Ḅcansignalavailabilityandconfidence_`aoூdᫀ⌱⚗C]429::f!᪀h?ᨎ◤kᦻmn4ᔠᭆqᦑh〉ᔠstn⚪஺19:=v&!᪀〉ᔠstn⚪஺ᑖ᪆89:ᐹx!᪀᝞z"૘...eyecontactcansignalverydifferentkindsofmessages...©While...connectionortrustinfriendlysituations,...dominanceorinlimidationinadversarialsituations.©...tryinglomaintaineyecontactmaybackfire...43{:✌}⚪ᓽh$ᐝ&'./Ḅ2Fh૙v&✌ᑖ>?h2z$ᐝ&'ᡠ./Ḅ2FᓽBCḄᔠ^$ᐝ&'Aᡈ2Ḅ᪗Ḅᔠ^$ᐝ&',Vᡈᨵᐵ&Ḽ૚?Ḅ=૙^ᔠzḄ$ᐝ&'I>?஺45ᑖ᪆89:Ḅ᪶<=૙஺૙✌T⊤ḄWhile,᪷¡“¢ᢚ!᪀,¥¢ᢚ¦ᑖ”Ḅ§ᑣ,ᑨª9Ḅ᪶<¦ᑖ=¢ᢚ¦ᑖᓽil's(eyecontactis)...dominanceorintimidationinadversarialsituations,G⌱⚗,«\ᭆq9¦ᑖ}¬.ᦑ[\]⌱⚗^ḄaggressiveV9¦ᑖ^Ḅdominanceorintimidation_`a஺ூdᫀ⌱⚗G]19:=v&!᪀〉ᔠstn⚪஺ᑖ᪆8,9:ᐹx!᪀᝞z"O..oureyespauseononespotalalime...iI©1hesepausestypicallyoccurataboutthreepersecond,andtheeyesthenjumptoanotherspot...1૚Hewthewholeimageisthenassembledandperceivedisstillamystery...44{:✌ᢣᙠIJ®¯°ᡃ²Ḅ³´µ@¶·ᶇᙠIJ¹5૙v&✌ᢣ2º»¼·½ᜧ¿µÀ3ᯠ$ᐝ¶ÂᑮÄIJ¹ÅᑮÆÇ^ÈJÉ⌕Ḅ¹ÇIËᑡs᯿I᪵ÏÐÑzᩭ૚ᢣ᦮JÆÇ&zᩭ᝞kÏ᦮ᔠ(Ô8ÕᯠAIJÖ஺×ᯠ{:ØX$ᐝᱥxᯠºÚ᦮ᔠ(Ô8ᨬᙠᜧᾯ^stÜᡂÆÇḄIJÚÞɹßà$ᐝḄ°áâ஺A⌱⚗⊤XVãIYᦑ[\]⌱⚗ᑁ*V૘^Ḅoureyespauseononespotatatime(૙^ḄThesepauses...occurataboutthreepersecondஹjumptoanotherspotஹlikeaseriesofsnapshots_`a°ூdᫀ⌱⚗A]19:=ᑖ!᪀〉ᔠstn⚪஺ᑖ᪆89:ᐹx!᪀᝞z"♦૙...peopledonotonlyfeeldifferent...but...brainreactionsalsodiffer,©...triggeredmoreactivityassociatedwithavoidance...45τ----------»©...shorterperiodsoftimeandreportedmorecomfortablefeelings...2{:✌ᢣẆæᕒèᙠéêëìí^îᑖïḄ$ᐝ&'¶SðñVòóᨵᐵḄôõ૙૚=ᐹxḄẆæ!öIn÷✌ᑁ*.૙ᢣ!ö⊤?²ᙠᡂ=ÏᐵḄᯖ¹°ù²Ôúhᜧᾯûah૚ᢣðÅ&Ḅ!ö×üᨵý☢ÿḄᙠᨵḄ᎛—〉஺ᵫẆᕒḄ!Ẇ"#$ᙠ%&'(31e

31*+ᐝ-.Ḅ/012Ḅ34D⌱⚗⊤89':ᦑ<=>?⌱⚗@ḄPersonalityABCDE஺ூGᫀ⌱⚗D]2<45ᳮt7uᜧw8xᦻz1ᑖ᪆KE,૘M@ḄhormoneoxytocinNOPQRஹ૙M@Ḅhigh-functioningNTUVRWautistic1spectrumsymptomsXYZ[\]^R!૚M@ḄSpecificbrainregionsᱯ`ᜧᾯcdRef'g9hᱥjkᐵḄCm஺ᵫno,?p⌕ᑁs09“+ᐝ-.WhᱥjuQḄᐵ\”ᨵᐵ஺42wxᔜ⌱⚗KEE⌱⚗@ḄBiologicalfactorsVz=ᭆ|}1~@ᑮḄhᱥj☢ḄCm>2⌱⚗ᑁs9?©M@ḄSpecificbrainregions...duringdirectgazearebeingexploredk0ᦑE⌱⚗<=°ூGᫀ⌱⚗E]PartCCᑖ᪆Ḅᑖ⌱XAgeofEnlightenment:DiscoverthePhilosophicalMmiemenlthatTriggeredInnovation,RevolutionandChangeℳKஹ☩W☩Ḅj'Ḅ}'8"mun//Ḅ}⁚"DaretoKnow:ExploretheEnlightenmentCametoBe"ᦢ¢£ℳḄᑮᩭRḄ¥ᜮᑖᶍᨵᑤ©஺ᦻ«8¬1418®¯ᦻ°±ᐶ!ℳḄK³´µ஺ὃ·Ḅ¸(¹ºM»ᙳA½M¾¿ÀᱯÁ±ᩖḄMÃ,ᦻÄឋÆÇ⌕ḄÈᔊÊᦻËÌᜓ*¢Î⚪ÐᨵÑÒ஺CBCD᪀}'1417®¯ᦻ°±ᐶÚᔁÜÝ.ᦟᩗá1ᑮᢧᡊ}'Óᦻ°±ᐶÔÕÖ¢ᳮØᦢ¢£ឋḄjÕÙh”}ᦻ°±ᐶ1ᑮᦟäᑴæ'çḄèᜧéὅëAìíîz,ᐭ}ÓèᜧKEñoòEÖ¢ᳮឋḄjÕÙhóôõ]}÷nᳮWøj⌲úûᐭ®üýþᐭᳮឋ.}¸ᦢ¢£féὅḄÿC#$%᯿OFollowingtheexplosionofcreativityinFlorenceduring14⃬Ḅ⌼ᜧᰦthe14thcenturyknownastheRenaissance,themodemworldᦻᐶ⌚ᐸsawadeparturefromwhatithadonceknown.૙11turned!ᨵ#$&'()*᜽,-./ᜩ1ᦟfromGodandtheauthorityoftheRomanCatholicChurch3Ḅᩗ5678ᡂ:;<=&ᦻ1>Ḅ?andinsteadfavouredamorehumanisticapproachtobeing.©RenaissanceideashadspreadthroughoutEuropewell@A⍝஺ᑮ17ᦻᐶḄEF!Gᙠintothe17thcenlury,withtheartsandsciencesflourishingIJKLMNOPQᙠ<ᨵRSḄ&extraordinarilyamongthosewithamorelogicaldisposition.TU᩽ᐸW₫46ᦻᐶYᦟ3Ḅᦟ0(46)WilhiheChurch'steachingsandwayscfthinkingbeing>.EZ[\]ᯠᜫ⁐U.AaeclipsedbytheRenaissance,thegapbetweentheMedievalḄbcdefᔠhᔣjklḄm$nandmodemperiodshadbeenbridged,leadinglonewandunexploredinteHectualterritories.⚞p஺A£32

32૘DuringtheKenaissance,thegreatmindsofNicolausᦻᐶqrḄsᜧtὅ'——wxCopernicus,JohannesKeplerandGalileoGalileidemonstratedyGz{w|}w~GleᑭᶍGthepowerofscientificstudyanddiscovery.૙(47)Beforeeachᑭ——PQẆ.Ḅ.oftheirrevelations,manyihinkersatthetimehadsustained(47)ᙠ'Ḅ:⚗AqḄmoreancientwaysofthinking,includingihegeocentricviewEFᯠᢝḼὅëᐵ£¤᝞Íí±howtheuniversefunctionedwerebeingmadealarateihatḄîïðᩭð7á§ḄñÀAòó&thepeoplecouldnolongerignore.૙ூtwaswiththesegreatôõö÷ø¡Ú·ÐsᜧḄ:;revelationsthatanewkindofphilosophyfoundedinreasonwasùᳮឋḄmúQûdeü?஺born.ᦟ3ýr@ᙠḄᦟᩩᙠᐵÿᳮḄᜧOTheChurch'slong-standingdogmawaslosingthegreatᧅᳮឋὅcbattlefortruthtorationalistsandscientists.•Thisveryfactᙠ17Ḅᜧᑖ!ᔁ᦮$embodiedthenewwaysofthinkingthatsweptthroughEurope%&Ḅ'()*+,(49)-./0123duringmostofthe17thcentury.૚(49)Asmanytookonthe45,6789ᳮ:;ᐭ=Ḅdutyoftryingtointegratereasoningandscienlificphilosophies᎛,ᦻ@AᐶCDE,F,$'Ḅintotheworld,theRenaissancewasoveranditwaslimeforaGᑮᩭ——ᳮឋG஺newera——theAgeofReason.1718LᐙNOPQ᜻ḄG஺૙The17thand18thcenturiesweretimesofradical*STஹVWTXᦟZᳮ[Ḅ\ᶧ^changeandcuriosity.©Scientificmethod,reductionismand_ᑮ`a,bᵫஹdefgḄ([hLthequestioningofChurchidealswastobeencouraged,aswereideasofliberty,toleranceandprogress.૚(50)Suchactionst஺᝞j஺(50)klmnoᳮpᡃrstseekknowledgeandtoimderstandwhatinformationwealreadyn⍝ḄᡠᨵxyḄz{ᙠ|}~{knewwerecapturedbytheiHinphrase'sapereaude'or'dare“sapereaude”8ᓽ“ᦢmn”(■toknow',afterImmanuelKantuseditinhisessay“AnAnswerᐜᙠᐸᦻX”Lℳ”ḄtotheQuestion:WhatisEnlighlenment?”.0ltwasthepurposeᵨ~)஺ᔣᳮf᣾andresponsibilityofgreatmindstogoforthandseekouttheᳮLᜧ¢ὅrḄ£Ḅ45,¤r¥xtruth,whichtheybelievedtobefoundedinknowledge.ᳮL¦§ᙠno¨©Ḅª▲33஺

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40SectionHI/Writingz>iri111iiviiiiiiiiiiiPartAGI᪗ᦻNoticeØIApril16th,20192019Ù4ᨴ16ÛOlnordertoenrichcollegestudents,campuslife,the7ÜÝᜧßà᪥âàãSßàäåDæstudentuniondecidestoholdasingingcontest.çèéᖛëìSOThecontestistobeheldonMay16thintheschoolhallëì¸5ᨴ16Ûᙠß᪥íᚪæ:S⚜andwilllastforthreehours.@Thcjuryofthecontestcontainsð¸ᢝñòóWSôõëìḄö÷øᵫùúfivemusicprofessors.©Eachcompetitorwillbejudgedmainlyûüᦟᣴÿᡂ⌕⁐ஹஹonfouraspects:tone,intonation,rhythmandsingingskills.©(Competitorscanchoosesongsforperformanceastheylike.⁚ᖛᢈ☢ὅHBesides,competitorsaregreatlyencouragedtoperformᑨ,ὅ!"ᖛ#$%&Ḅ()ᡃoriginalsongswhicharewrittenbythemselvessoastopromote+,-./ὅᖛ#$Ḅ01()"theoriginalspirit.230145OToensurethecontestgoessmoothly,severalvolunteers6789:(ᖛ;Ḅ<ᑭᡃareneeded.૙Anyonewhotakesaninterestinthecontestor◤⌕?@ABὅ஺DEF(ᖛ;ᡈAvolunteeringmaysendpersonalinformationtosu@sohu.com.BHIᐶKḄLM!N〈PQRᑮsu@૚Wearelookingforwardtoyouractiveparticipationinthissohu.comoᡃTUᜧWXYZ[:ᜧ\contest!ThestudentunionM]^4G1⌲ẚ237᪗abInordertoenrichcollegestudents'campuslife,thestudentuniondecidestoholdasingingcontest.Thestudentuniondecidestoholdasingingcontest,withiheaimofenrichingcollegestudents,campuscẚablifeandimprovingtheirmusicaccomplishment.第૘eᦻgᦻ6hiᜧM]᪥k]HlmḄnopM]^qrstuv(ᖛ;句cẚabaxyz{|᪗abeḄ}~Inorderto...᦮6withtheaimof...,cᑏḄL⊤+ᙢ⍝ஹ⚨cẚabFandimprovingtheirmusicabwaccomplishmentuᑁ.wst(ᖛ;ḄuḄlmM]ḄnopᦻᑁFᐙ஺2<7᪗abThecontestistobeheldonMay16thintheschoolhallandwilllastforthreehours.cẚabTobeheldonMay16thintheschoolauditorium,thecontestwilllastforthreehours.41®-

41eᦻgᦻ;5ᨴ16¥ᙠM᪥§ᚪs⚜ªᢝ¬®஺᪗abḄ¯᪀±6²ᓫcẚabI~´rbTobeheld...auditorium᦮6ÂabwÃ⛲axyaxÅ:Æᨎ,ab6ÈÉcẚab᪗abeḄhall᦮6audilorium,ᵨ~FËbஹmÌÍÎÏ␺CThejuryofthecontestcontainsfivemusicprofessors.Eachcompetitorwillbejudgedmainlyonfour᪗abaspects:tone,intonation,rhythmandsingingskills.Thejuryofthecontestconsistsoffivemusicprofessors,whowillmainlyjudgeeachcompetitoronfourcẚabaspects:tone,intonation,rhythmandsingingskills.9:;Ḅßàᵫâãnᦟᣴæᡂ⌕⁐ஹஹ⁚ᖛᢈeᦻgᦻ☢ὅᑨ஺cẚab᪗ab૙૚çaᔠ|ᡂ“a+whoëìḄ,▲rឋra”¯᪀aðabwñò6ÆᨎabFÈ᪵ᓄcẚab᪗abe૙aḄcontains᦮6consistsof,⊤6ᙢ⍝Competitorscanchoosesongsforperformanceastheylike.Besides,competitorsaregreatlyencouraged᪗abtoperformoriginalsongswhicharewrittenbythemselvessoastopromotetheoriginalspirit.Competitorsareallowedtochoosesongsforperformanceaccordingtopersonalpreference,andarecẚabgreatlyencouragedtoperformoriginalsongswrittenbythemselvesforthesakeofcarryingforwardtheinnovativespirit.ὅ!᪷÷P%ø⌱úᖛ)ᡃ+,-./ὅᖛ#$Ḅ01(),"23eᦻgᦻ0145஺᪗ab૛©çaḄuü.ý6“ὅ(Competilors/compelilors)”,ẚ᦮ὶ!,ẚ᪗#$⊤&'Ḅ)canchoose᦮-'᝱areallowedtochoose,2ᔠ4ᦻ⊤6789ẚ᪗#$Ḅ:;astheylike᦮>?@accordingtopersonalpreference,⊤6ᙢ⍝E᧕ᔾHIJὅ9abwẚ᪗#O$whichHMḄ:;whicharewrittenbythemselves᦮PQᑖ?@writtenbythemselvesSTU:⊤6VWஹYZ[soastopromoteforthesakeofcarryingforward,original᦮innovative,⊤6ᙢ⍝ஹ#\,]ᑮ┶`abḄSᵨ஺efg᪗#Toensurethecontestgoessmoothly,severalvolunteersareneeded.Inaddition,toensurethesuccessofthecontest,twentyvolunteersareurgentlyneededtocoordinateẚrelatedmatters.$ᦻlᦻm᜜\opqrᖛtJḄᡂvwx,ᡃzញ◤}ᓝὅᩭᐵ஺£42

42ẚᙠ✌aInadditionPឋ>?@ᐹᨵ`ḄSᵨ`ᦻ⊖ᔠᳮஹᯠ9ẚ᪗#$Ḅthecontestgoessmoothly᦮thesuccessofthecontest,2ᔠ4ᵨ?☟᝱ᵨᱯ9ẚ᪗#$Ḅseveral᦮twentyᐹᦪ⊤6#\9ẚ$?urgentlyḄᵨ¡¢£¤¥¦ὅ§¨ᑮ©Ḅញᑗ«¬9ẚa'?:@tocoordinaterelatedmattersS®Ḅ¯,°±²\ὅḄ³´µ᦮Anyonewhotakesaninterestinthecontestorvolunteeringmaysendpersonalinformationtosu@sohu.᪗#com.第ẚIfyouareinterestedinthecontestorvolunteering,pleasesendpersonalinformationtosu@sohu.com.૙句$ᦻlᦻ¶·IrᖛtJᡈ¹'ºᐶ¼½¾〈ÀÁÂÃᑮsu@sohu.com஺ẚ᪗#$Ḅ&AnyoneÄᐸTḄ:;who...volunteering᦮IfHMḄᩩǯ;ÈÉÊᐵËᨎÍqᑖ²9ẚḄ&ᵨÎÏpleaseÐᜮḄἌÓÔÕ2ᔠÖ×ᑏSᦻ஺᪗#Wearelookingforwardtoyouractiveparticipationinthiscontest!第ẚI^ookforwardtoyouractiveparticipationinthiscontest!૚句$ᦻlᦻÙÚᜧÜÝÞIßàqᜧJáẚ᪗#᦮ἌV@ᨵâ6ᑮÎãᔙåæḄᦔè஺CẚᦻNoticeApril16th,2019Thestudentuniondecidestoholdasingingcontest,withtheaimofenrichingcollegestudents'campuslifeandimprovingtheirmusicaccomplishment.TobeheldonMay16thintheschoolauditorium,thecontestwilllastforthreehours.Thejuryofthecontestconsistsoffivemusicprofessors,whowillmainlyjudgeeachcompetitoronfouraspects:tone,intonation,rhythmandsingingskills.Competitorsareallowedtochoosesongsforperformanceaccordingtopersonalpreference,andaregreatlyencouragedtoperformoriginalsongswrittenbythemselvesforthesakeofcarryingforwardtheinnovativespirit.Inaddition,toensurethesuccessofthecontest,twentyvolunteersareurgentlyneededtocoordinaterelatedmatters.Ifyouareinterestedinthecontestorvolunteering,pleasesendpersonalinformationtosu@sohu.com.Lookforwardtoyouractiveparticipationinthiscontest!Thestudentunion43஺

43PartBc᪗ᦻOl'hetwopicturesabovepresenttwostudents'completely`☢ëìíîÎÀ¢£·ÜïSðµoppositeattitudestowardstheirhomework.éntheleftpicture,ᐰòḄ᝱ó}ôì$Ḅ᝕ö®÷øùµᡂÎthegirlwhohasfinishedmostofherhomeworkbelievesthatᜧúᑖSðû§üµᡂýþ«஺ᯠÿshecanrestassuredifshefinishesitassoonaspossible.Ḅᵱ☠᫹ᙶḼḄᱏ©Nevertheless,intherightpicture,theboywhoisleaningbackᑮᨬ,inthechairwithhisnotebookblankdeterminesthathewillnot⊤"#$%&Ḅ'⌕ឋ*ᐸ,startuntilthelastminute.-./ᳮ1☢Ḅ$%&ஹ45%&678૘Thepicturesillustratehowsignificantagoodhabitis,᣸$ᑗ;<=>?ᙠᨵ▲Ḅ-.CDᡂespeciallythegoodhabitoflimemanagement.•SomepeopleᜧGḄHI஺KL45ᑣ%&NOPQRareusedtomakingarrangementsinadvancesothattheyᑮᨬSTUᵫW-.ᨵ▲DᡂḄXYZcanfulfillnumeroustasksinalimitedtime.•Othershave,[\]5^_᝞aᡃcdeᙠfatendencytoputthingsoff,buttheconsequenceisalwaysunsatisfyingwithinalimitedtime.૛Nowadays,wearelivingᢑhijḄklmᜩoᨵpqOPrḼᡃinafast-developingsociety,sotherearelotsofthingsawaitingcDᡂ஺s⌕tᡃcuvᔠᳮ/ᳮ-.ᩭustodealwitheveryday.EThisrequiresustoimprovethe6yz%{HIḄᦔ᳛,~ᙠefficiencyofourstudyandworkthroughreasonal)letimeᩭᡂ᝞-./ᳮḄ$%&ᨵmanagement.FTherefore,tosomeextent,theformationofWᡃcᙠz%{HIᨵ$Ḅ⊤Kgoodhabitssuchastimemanagementhelpsustohaveabetter,f5ijḄᐵᏉᡠᙠ஺performanceinstudyandwork,whichisessentialtopersonalZḄᩭᯠ-./ᳮ%&ᙠᡃcdevelopment.Ḅz%{HIḼ᝞'⌕ḄIᵨ\OTosumup,nowthatthehabitoftimemanagementplaysᡃcᡃcḄ-./ᳮ஺suchanimportantroleinourstudyandwork,weshouldtakesf5KQ₞;ᵨ᝞¡¢£¤actionstomanageourtime.૙Forindividuals,toolslikelogO⚗¦ᐜ¨©ᓫ᪵ḄHᐹᩭᡃcbooksandprioritizedTo-DoListsarehighlyrecommendedtohelpustoformagoodhabit.©Arranginglimeinareasonableᡂ$Ḅ%&Cᔠᳮ8᣸-.s,⁚¯-.wayissavingtime.©Hence,timemanagementisaproperhabit~K-./ᳮ,ᡃc°±᪗{ᡂtoaccomplishourgoalsandhelpustoachievesuccess.³Ḅf$%&஺..GC⌲ẚ¶·᪗¸¹ºThetwopicturesabovepresenttwostudents,completelyoppositeattitudestowardstheirhomework.Depictedinthetwopicturesabovearetwostudents*completelyoppositeattitudestowardstheir»ẚ¹ºhomework.ᦻ¾ᦻ☢¿À#fzdÁÂIÃDᐰÅÆḄ᝱஺£44

44I.Ê᝱ḄᑗᣚÌÍᓄÏᡈÏᓄÍÑ»ẚÈᑣ2.ÓÔÕ(Õ×ᡈØÊ)Ú᦮Üy⚣Õ(Õ×ᡈØÊ)ᡈᙢ⍝Õ(Õ×ᡈØÊ);3.Ü⊤âÚãäÊåᑖḄvçᑖÕஹᙠᑖÕᡈºèW¹✌êDᐰ᎔ì஺1.»ẚ¹ºã᪗¸¹ºḄÍÊ᝱Ú᦮ÜÏÊ᝱ðñᔠ“óÊqÍ,ôÊqÏ”ḄöᑣÑ2.»ẚ¹ºã᪗¸¹ºḄpresentÚ᦮Üdepict,ᵨᙢ⍝3.ẚÈᑣíîᑖḄᑖDepicted✌!"#ᑮ%&'()ᵨ*+,#᦮./Ḅ0ᐰ᎔3456஺Intheleftpicture,thegirlwhohasfinishedmostofherhomeworkbelievesthatshecanrestassuredif᪗9shefinishesitassoonaspossible.Nevertheless,intherightpicture,theboywhoisleaningbackinthechairwithhisnotebookblankdeterminesthathewillnotstartuntilthelastminute.Intheleftpicture,thegirlhavingfinishedmostofherhomeworkbelievesthatshecanrestassuredifẚsheGnishesitassoonaspossible,whileintherightpicture,theboyleaningbackinthechairwithhisnotebookblankdeterminesthathewillnotstartuntilthelastminute.QRNḄ᝕TUVWX0ᡂ%ᜧᑖ)[\]^_0ᡂ`ab*cRNḄᵱTef☠᫹NᦻPᦻ/ᙶḼkḄl/mnᱏpqrs!ᑮᨬu!vw஺1.{.⊤}~Ḅ/(᦮]whileᡈyetḄᑡẚxᑣ2.(᦮]“/+ᙠᑖ”஺1.ẚ᪗9N૙૚{.ⅾ}~ᕡḄ(᦮]whileḄ/}~ᐵ&ᐵ,᦮ஹ¡¢2.ẚ᪗9૙૚xᑣN{.who,£Ḅs¤ᑖ¥(᦮]ᙠᑖhavingfinished...homework¦leaningback...blank,ᑖ¥)thegirl¦theboyḄus/n§ᕣᡂ©᪀]«¬®+4᦮ஹ}¯஺°±²᪗9ThepicturesillustratehowsigniGcantagoodhabitis,especiallythegoodhabitoftimemanagement.Undoubtedly,whatisimpliedinthepicturesishowsignificantagoodhabitis,especiallythegoodhabitẚoftimemanagement.NᦻPᦻµ¶ᶧ¸¹{ºR⊤»%¼½¾Ḅ¿⌕ឋÂᐸÄÅÆᳮÈ☢Ḅ¼½¾Ê1.ËÌ✌⊤Í'(ẚxᑣ2.¤+v+⊤¤஺1.ẚᙠ✌Î%ËUndoubledly,}RÏᑁÑÒÓ%'(+,&Ô©ឋÕ,Ö×xᑣᓺÙÚÛ;2.ẚ᪗9(᦮]“¤(whatisimpliedinthepictures)+v(is)+⊤¤(howsignificant...is)¹n©᪀]56ßàá␺஺第Somepeopleareusedtomakingarrangementsinadvancesothattheycanfulfillnumeroustasksina૙૚᪗9limitedtime.Othershaveatendencytoputthingsoff,buttheconsequenceisalwaysunsatisfyingwithin句alimitedtime.45e

45Somepeopleareaccustomedtomakingarrangementsinadvancesothattheycanfulfillnumeroustasksẚinalimitedtime,whileothershaveatendencytoputthingsoff,whichmayleadtoanunsatisfyingconsequencewithinafinitetime.nè×½¾éVê᣸¼nᑗíîïðᙠᨵ▲ḄÅó0ᡂᜧôḄ)*õnè×ᑣ½NᦻPᦻ¾ö÷øùúᑮᨬu`ûüᵫÅᨵ▲0ᡂḄ©þÔÄ!ÿ1.⊤Ḅ᦮whileᡈyetḄᑡẚᑣ2.ᑡᑖᡈ᦮ᔠ3."#$%$&ᡈ'()᦮*⚣$%$&ᡈ'()ᡈᙢ⍝$%$&ᡈ'()஺1.᪗234.૙૚ᙠ(78ᕈᐵ;,ẚ3=>᦮whileḄᑡ?@AᙢBCDEᐵ;?FGEḄHឋ2.ẚ3=᪗234Ḅ૚᦮ᔠ?ᐸ4ẚ3=᪗234butḄKLᑡᑖ᦮whichMNḄᑣ/0O▲QឋQ(?MDRS⌼ᡂḄVW?⊡ᐙZ[?\]^ᐵ;_[ᨎ3.ẚ3=᪗234૙Ḅareusedto᦮areaccustomedto,⊤a_*bcd᪵ᓄ?gh=૚4Ḅlimited᦮finite,ijklᦻ4ḄlimitedDCnNowadays,wearelivinginafast-developingsociety,sotherearelotsofthingsawaitingustodealwith᪗23everyday.Thisrequiresusloimprovetheefficiencyofourstudyandworkthroughreasonabletimemanagement.Nowadays,wearelivinginafast-developingsociety,withlotsofthingsawaitingustodealwithẚ3everyday,whichrequiresustoimprovetheefficiencyofourstudyandworkthroughreasonabletimemanagement.᝞q?ᡃstuᙠvwxyzḄ{|?}ᜩᨵdḼᡃsᡂ?>⌕ᡃs4ᦻoᦻᔠᳮᳮhᩭ*Ḅᦔ᳛஺1.ᑡᑖᡈ᦮“+”ẚᑣ2.Ḅ᦮“+O▲QឋQ(”஺1.᪗234Ḅ૛S஺Ḅᑡ?ẚ3=ᐸ᦮“+”᪀?ᐸ4ẚ3=soVḄᑖ᦮᪀withlotsofthingsawaitingustodealwithᑣ/0everyday,\᪀_¡¢2.ẚ3=᪗234૛EḄᔠv?ᐸ4ẚ3=᪗234Ḅ૛᦮?=E᦮whichMNḄO▲QឋQ(?⊡ᐙZ[?\]^ᐵ;_¡£?¤¥Eὅ§¨Ḅ(©ª«Therefore,tosomeextent,theformationofgoodhabitssuchastimemanagementhelpsustohavea᪗23belterperformanceinstudyandwork,whichisessentialtopersonaldevelopment.第FTherefore,tosomeextent,theformationofgoodhabitssuchastimemanagementhasfarmoreimpact句ẚ3onindividuals'studyandworkthanisgenerallysupposed,whichisessentialtopersonaldevelopment.¬?ᙠ®¯°±8?²ᡂ³᝞hᳮ´Ḅµ¶·?Ḅ¸¹s4ᦻoᦻ"ºḄ⌕ᜧ?¼>½¾yzḄᐵ¿ᡠᙠ஺£46

461."farmore/less...than...”᪀ᡂḄÏ᪀ẚᑣ2.ḕᶍ᪀஺1.ẚ3\ᵨEfarmore…than”.>vÏ᪀,FGE(Õ;2.thanVḄᑁØ\ᵨEḕᑣ/0ᶍ᪀?ḕᶍE(impactÜ(is...supposedtohave4Ḅtohave,ijEn,c3_¥*b஺KàáTosumup,nowthatthehabitoftimemanagementplayssuchanimportantroleinourstudyandwork,᪗23weshouldtakeactionstomanageourtime.Tosumup,nowthatthehabitoftimemanagementplayssuchanimportantroleinbothourstudyandẚ3work,whatactionsshouldbetakentomanageourtime?éḄᩭZ?êᯠhᳮ>v·ᙠᡃsḄ4ìḼ᝞n⌕Ḅᵨ?íᡃsî4ᦻoᦻïðñò¯óôᩭᳮõöḄhᕖø1.“both+ᑡᡂᑖ”⊤Gẚᑣ2.▰úûᶧý஺I.ẚ3ᙠᑡᡂᑖourstudyworklÿbothᳮ⌕2.ẚ!"᪗$!%Ḅ'(weshouldtakeactionslomanageourtime᦮ᑣ/08ᱯ:ᶧ?@AὅᡠD<⚪ḄFὃ.HIJ?KLᦻ.@ᑮOPQRLḄᵨ஺Forindividuals,toolslikelogbooksandprioritizedTo-DoListsarehighlyrecommendedtohelpusto᪗$!formagoodhabit.Intermsofindividuals,itishighlyrecommendedtousetoolslikelogbooksandprioritizedTo-DoListsẚ!tohelpustoformagoodhabit.abcdef₞hᵨi᝞klmnopqr⚗tᐜvwᓫ᪵Ḅᐹᩭ|}ᡃᡂ%ᦻ`ᦻḄ஺1.!᦮8It!Ḅẚᑣ2.ᡈ᦮8⚣ᡈᡈᙢ⍝ᡈ஺1.ẚ!"᪗$!᦮8it!Ḅ,Oᜮh!᪀8ᑣ¡⊝2.ẚ!"᪗$!%ḄFor᦮8Intermsof,e⊤¤8K¥஺᪗$!Arrangingtimeinareasonablewayissavingtime.ẚ!AstheBritishphilosopherFrancisBacononcesaid,tochoosetimeistosavetime.%ᦻ`ᦻª«¬®ᨽ°±•³᪷µ¶·ᔠᳮ¹᣸a»⁚½஺ẚᑣ?ᵨ¾c¾eᡈ¿஺ẚ!"᪗$!᦮8ÀÁḄ¾c¾eÂᙠ✌ÅOAstheBritishphilosopherᑣFrancisBacononcesaid•⊤ÆÇÈᢣK»®ᨽ°±•³᪷Ḅ¾eᨵᳮᨵËhᦻÌᐹ¶ÍÎ஺47e

47᪗$!Hence,timemanagementisaproperhabittoaccomplishourgoalsandhelpustoachievesuccess.ẚ!Hence,onlybymanaginglimeproperlycanweaccomplishourgoals,thusachievingsuccess.%ᦻ`ᦻÏdÐᨵÑ·ᔠᳮᳮÒÓ|}ᡃÔÕÖ᪗×dØÙᡂÚ஺1.!᦮80nly?ÛḄ᎔Ý᪀ẚᑣ2."!᦮8“/+Õᙠᑖ”஺1.ẚ!"᪗$!!᦮80nly?ÛḄ᎔ÝOᔠᳮᳮÔÕÖ᪗Ḅ⌕ឋHäÕOὅåÔḄÚæ2.ẚ!"᪗$!᦮8“+ᑣÕᙠᑖ”᪀ᐸ%ẚ!"᪗$!%Ḅhelpusloachievesuccess᦮8Õᙠᑖthusachievingsuccessèé!᪀ê⚨HKOᔠᳮᳮÒÓØÙᡂÚḄè஺CẚᦻDepictedinthetwopicturesabovearetwostudents*completelyoppositealtitudestowardstheirhomework.Intheleftpicture,thegirlhavingfinishedmostofherhomeworkbelievesthatshecanrestassuredifshefinishesitassoonaspossible,whileintherightpicture,theboyleaningbackinthechairwithhisnotebookblankdeterminesthathewillnotstartuntilthelastminute.Undoubtedly,whatisimpliedinthepicturesishowsignificantagoodhabitis,especiallythegoodhabitoftimemanagement.SomepeopleareaccustomedtomakingarrangementsinadvancesothattheycanfulGllnumeroustasksinalimitedtime,whileothershaveatendencytoputthingsoff,whichmayleadtoanunsatisfyingconsequencewithinafinitetime.Nowadays,wearelivinginafast-developingsociety,withlotsofthingsawaitingustodealwitheveryday,whichrequiresustoimprovetheefficiencyofourstudyandworkthroughreasonabletimemanagement.Therefore,tosomeextent,theformationofgoodhabitssuchastimemanagementhasfarmoreimpactonindividuals9studyandworkthanisgenerallysupposed,whichisessentialtopersonaldevelopment.Tosumup,nowthatthehabitoflimemanagementplayssuchanimportantroleinbothourstudyandwork,whatactionsshouldbetakentomanageourtime?Intermsofindividuals,itishighlyrecommendedtousetoolslikelogbooksandprioritizedTo-DoListstohelpustoformagoodhabit.AstheBritishphilosopherFrancisBacononcesaid,tochoosetimeistosavetime.Hence,onlybymanaginglimeproperlycanweaccomplishourgoals,thusachievingsuccess.248

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