handbook on impact evaluation introduction

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1、1.IntroductionPublicprogramsaredesignedtoreachcertaingoalsandbeneficiaries.Methodstounderstandwhethersuchprogramsactuallywork,aswellasthelevelandnatureofimpactsonintendedbeneficiaries,aremainthemesofthisbook.HastheGrameenBank,forexample,succeededinloweringconsumptionpovertyamongtherura

2、lpoorinBangladesh?Canconditionalcash-transferprogramsinMexicoandotherLatinAmericancountriesimprovehealthandschoolingoutcomesforpoorwomenandchil-dren?DoesanewroadactuallyraisewelfareinaremoteareainTanzania,orisita“highwaytonowhere”?Docommunity-basedprogramsliketheThailandVillageFundpr

3、ojectcreatelong-lastingimprovementsinemploymentandincomeforthepoor?Programsmightappearpotentiallypromisingbeforeimplementationyetfailtogen-erateexpectedimpactsorbenefits.Theobviousneedforimpactevaluationistohelppolicymakersdecidewhetherprogramsaregeneratingintendedeffects;topromoteacc

4、ountabilityintheallocationofresourcesacrosspublicprograms;andtofillgapsinunderstandingwhatworks,whatdoesnot,andhowmeasuredchangesinwell-beingareattributabletoaparticularprojectorpolicyintervention.Effectiveimpactevaluationshouldthereforebeabletoassesspreciselythemecha-nismsbywhichbene

5、ficiariesarerespondingtotheintervention.Thesemechanismscanincludelinksthroughmarketsorimprovedsocialnetworksaswellastie-inswithotherexistingpolicies.Thelastlinkisparticularlyimportantbecauseanimpacteval-uationthathelpspolicymakersunderstandtheeffectsofoneinterventioncanguideconcurrent

6、andfutureimpactevaluationsofrelatedinterventions.Thebenefitsofawell-designedimpactevaluationarethereforelongtermandcanhavesubstantialspillovereffects.Thisbookreviewsquantitativemethodsandmodelsofimpactevaluation.Thefor-malliteratureonimpactevaluationmethodsandpracticesislarge,withafew

7、usefuloverviews(forexample,BlundellandDias2000;Duflo,Glennerster,andKremer2008;Ravallion2008).Yetthereisaneedtoputthetheoryintopracticeinahands-onfash-ionforpractitioners.Thisbookalsodetailschallengesandgoalsinotherrealmsofevaluation,includingmonitoringandevaluation(M&E),operationalev

8、aluation,and