资源描述:
《17. rescuing proportionality-18. rescuing human rights from proportionality》由会员上传分享,免费在线阅读,更多相关内容在工程资料-天天文库。
1、17RescuingProportionalityGeorgeLetsas*I.IntroductionWhathumanrightspeoplehaveisacontestedandcomplexphilosophicalissue.Itinvolvesmanydifferentquestionsaboutthenatureofrights,aboutwhensomerightisahumanright,aswellasinstitutionalquestionsaboutwhenparticularhumanrightscourtsshou
2、ldenforceindividualclaims.Notallrightsareenforceableandnotallrightsarehumanrights.Gratuitouspromisescreatemoralrightsanddutiesbetweenthepromisorandthepromiseebuttheseareneitherhumannorenforceable.Notallrightsenforceableinlawmoreoverarehumanrights.InEnglishlaw,thesellerofapro
3、pertyhastherighttousethebuyer’sdeposit,betweenexchangeofcontractsandcompletion,inordertopurchaseanotherproperty.Theseller’srightisanenforce-ablelegalrightinEnglishlawbutwewouldhardlycallitahumanright.Ontheotherhand,manyrightsareproclaimedashumanwithoutnecessarilybeingenforce
4、able.Socio-economicrightstohealth,education,orshelterarenowadaysconsideredtobehumanrights,buttheirenforceabilityistheexception,notthe norm.InEuropeandotherpartsoftheworld,courtsusethedoctrineofproportionalityasatestinordertodeterminewhethersomeone’shumanrightshavebeenviolate
5、d.Proportionalityishailedasauniversalcriterionofconstitutionality.1Accordingtotheorthodoxunderstandingofthislegaldoctrine,stateinterferencewithnon-absolutehumanrights(suchasprivacy,freedomofreligionorexpression)islawful,ifitispro-portionatetoalegitimateaiminpursuitofwhichthe
6、stateacted.Initsstandardformthetestconsistsoftwomainstages.First,courtswillaskwhethertherehasbeenaninterferencewithalibertyorinterestthatfallswithinthescopeofarightprotectedintherelevantconventionorconstitution(thescopeordefinitionalstage).Second,thecourtwillaskwhetherthatin
7、terferencewasjustifiedor‘necessaryinademocraticsociety’(thejustificationorlimitationstage).Thelimitationwillbedeemedjustified,ifitwasprescribedbylawandwasproportionatetoalegitimateaiminpursuitofwhichthegovernmentacted.Ontheirface,thelabelssuggestthatthefirststageofthe*I have
8、benefitedenormouslyfromdiscussionswithDimitriosKyritsis,StuartLakin,Virgini