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1、Development:Definition&methodsofstudyMessingerOverviewDefiningdevelopmentStudyingdevelopmentLongitudinal&cross-sectionaldesignsStudydesignExperimental,observational,andqualitativestudiesPredictedvariablestypicallybehaviorand/orphysiologicactivityMessingerDevelopmentdefinedIndiv
2、idualchangethatis,normative,non-reversible,relativelystable,andsequential.MessingerDevelopmentdefineddefinedNormativeprocesseveryone’sdoingitnon-reversiblereorganizationoftheentirepersonrelativelystableyoucan’tgoback,sequentialchangecrawlbeforeyouwalkExamplesMessingerIsdevelopm
3、entIncreasingfunctionalityinallthings?Lossofperceptualacuityinnon-nativelanguagesOld-ageHeadedtowardagoal?Developmenthasnormativeoutcomes,buttimegoesforwardprioreventscausesubsequenteventsnottheoppositeMessingerCanalization(Waddington)MessingerOverviewStudyingdevelopmentLongitu
4、dinalandcross-sectionalStudyingbehaviorExperimentalandobservationalStudyingoutcomesBehaviorandphysiologyRelatetoyourarticlereviewsandfinalprojectsMessingerLongitudinalSameinfantsovertimePro:Answers‘Howdoindividualschangeintime?’Con:TakesalongtimeAttritionFinalprojectexamples?Me
5、ssingerCross-sectionalDifferentinfantsatdifferenttimesPro:Efficient,largenumbersofsubjectsCon:Differencesdonotnecessarilyreflectindividual’sdevelopmente.g.cohortFinalprojectexamples?MessingerLongitudinalvs.cross-sectionalDevelopmentisrelativelystableonlargetimescalesMotor,physi
6、cal,emotional,communicativeButchoppyonsmallerscalesOnlylongitudinalresearchcanshowthisEmergentorderfromchaotic,dynamicsystemsPreviousexample?MessingerHypotheticalappliedexamplefromLambetal.MessingerIndividualdifferencesMessingerComplementary,notexclusiveAsinglestudycancombinelo
7、ngitudinalandcross-sectionalmethodsSomeinfantstudiesuseneithermethodTheylookatbehavioratonepointintimeE.g.,NeonatestudyMessingerPredictorandpredictedvariablesIndevelopmentalstudies,ageisapredictorbehaviororphysiologyarepredictedExperimentalandobservationalstudiesMessingerStabil
8、ityandcontinuityStabilityRankofindividualingroupisstab