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1、RalphWaldoEmerson （1803——1882）Americanlecturer,poet,essayistandphilosopher,bestrememberedforleadingtheTranscendentalistmovementofthemid-19thcentury,EarlyTrialsIn1811,whenhewas8hisfatherpassedawayandEmersonislefttosupporthisfourotherbrothers.In1817,whenhewas14,
2、hewenttoHarvard.Despitethehardships,alltheEmersonboys,exceptone,graduatedfromHarvardUniversity.Ralphwasaskedtoshareacoatwithhisbrothertosavefinances.HiscareerIn1821,afterHarvard,Emersonassistedhisbrotherinaschoolforyoungwomenestablishedintheirmother’shouse.In1
3、829,hewasappointedasajuniorpastor(青年牧师)byBoston’sSecondChurch.TranscendentalismIn1832,heabandonedUnitarianismandwenttoEuropewherehemetpoetsSamuelTaylorLoleridgeandWilliamWordsworthwhointroducedhimtoRomanticnotionsofnatureandphilosophy. In1835,hefoundedaTransce
4、ndentalists'ClubandpublishedajournalLateLifeandDeathUpsetinthe1860sbythecomingCivilWar,helivedaquietlifewithhisfamily.Hishouseburnttothegroundin1872.DiedonApril27th,1882.RalphWaldoEmerson(1803-1882)TheBritishcriticMatthewArnoldsaidthemostimportantwritingsinEng
5、lishinthe19thcenturyhadbeenWordsworth'spoemsandEmerson'sessays.majorworkNature《论自然》1836TheAmericanScholar《论美国学者》1837Selfreliance《论自立》1841TheOver-soul《论超灵》1841RepresentativeMen《代表人物》1850EnglishTraits《英国人的特性》1856CommentsFormerU.S.PresentLincolncalledhim“theAmeri
6、canConfucius(美国的孔子)”，“thefatherofAmericancivilizations”.Agreatprose-poet,EmersoninfluencedalonglineofAmericanpoets,includingWaltWhitman,EmilyDickinson,EdwinArlingtonRobinson,WallaceStevens,HartCrane,andRobertFrost.Heisalsocreditedwithinfluencingthephilosophies
7、ofJohnDewey,GeorgeSantayana,FriedrichNietzsche,andWilliamJames.
