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时间:2020-07-15
《【法律概述】法律英语术语.doc》由会员上传分享,免费在线阅读,更多相关内容在应用文档-天天文库。
1、此资料由网络收集而来,如有侵权请告知上传者立即删除。资料共分享,我们负责传递知识。【法律概述】法律英语术语 Criminallaw:anoverview Criminallawinvolvesprosecutionbythegovernmentofapersonforanactthathasbeenclassifiedasacrime.Civilcases,ontheotherhand,involveindividualsandorganizationsseekingtoresolvelegaldisputes.Inacriminalcasethestate,
2、throughaprosecutor,initiatesthesuit,whileinacivilcasethevictimbringsthesuit.Personsconvictedofacrimemaybeincarcerated,fined,orboth.However,personsfoundliableinacivilcasemayonlyhavetogiveuppropertyorpaymoney,butarenotincarcerated. A“crime”isanyactoromission(ofanact)inviolationofapubli
3、clawforbiddingorcommandingit.Thoughtherearesomecommonlawcrimes,mostcrimesintheUnitedStatesareestablishedbylocal,state,andfederalgovernments.Criminallawsvarysignificantlyfromstatetostate.Thereis,however,aModelPenalCode(MPC)whichservesasagoodstartingplacetogainanunderstandingofthebasics
4、tructureofcriminalliability. Crimesincludebothfelonies(moreseriousoffenses——2此资料由网络收集而来,如有侵权请告知上传者立即删除。资料共分享,我们负责传递知识。likemurderorrape)andmisdemeanors(lessseriousoffenses——likepettytheftorjaywalking)。Feloniesareusuallycrimespunishablebyimprisonmentofayearormore,whilemisdemeanorsarecr
5、imespunishablebylessthanayear.However,noactisacrimeifithasnotbeenpreviouslyestablishedassucheitherbystatuteorcommonlaw.Recently,thelistofFederalcrimes,dealingwithactivitiesextendingbeyondstateboundariesorhavingspecialimpactonfederaloperations,hasgrown. Allstatutesdescribingcriminalbe
6、haviorcanbebrokendownintotheirvariouselements.Mostcrimes(withtheexceptionofstrict-liabilitycrimes)consistoftwoelements:anact,or“actusreus,”andamentalstate,or“mensrea.”Prosecutorshavetoproveeachandeveryelementofthecrimetoyieldaconviction.Furthermore,theprosecutormustpersuadethejuryorju
7、dge“beyondareasonabledoubt”ofeveryfactnecessarytoconstitutethecrimecharged.Incivilcases,theplaintiffneedstoshowadefendantisliableonlybya“preponderanceoftheevidence,”ormorethan50%.2
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