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时间:2020-06-11
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1、Chapter11ControversiesinTradePolicyPreparedbyIordanisPetsasToAccompanyInternationalEconomics:TheoryandPolicy,SixthEditionbyPaulR.KrugmanandMauriceObstfeldCopyright©2003PearsonEducation,Inc.1ChapterOrganizationIntroductionSophisticatedArgumentsforActivistTradePolicyG
2、lobalizationandLow-WageLaborSummaryCopyright©2003PearsonEducation,Inc.2IntroductionTwocontroversiesoverinternationaltradearoseinthe1980sand1990s.Inthe1980sanewsetofsophisticatedargumentsforgovernmentinterventionintradeemergedinadvancedcountries.Theseargumentsfocused
3、onthe“high-technology”industriesthatcametoprominenceasaresultoftheriseofthesiliconchip.Inthe1990sadisputearoseovertheeffectsofgrowinginternationaltradeonworkersindevelopingcountries.Copyright©2003PearsonEducation,Inc.3SophisticatedArgumentsforActivistTradePolicyThe
4、rearetwokindsofmarketfailurethatseemtobepresentandrelevanttothetradepoliciesofadvancedcountries:TechnologicalexternalitiesThepresenceofmonopolyprofitsinhighlyconcentratedoligopolisticindustriesCopyright©2003PearsonEducation,Inc.4TechnologyandExternalitiesExternaliti
5、esFirmsinanindustrygenerateknowledgethatotherfirmscanalsousewithoutpayingforit.Inhigh-techindustriesfirmsfaceappropriabilityproblems.Example:Inelectronics,itiscommonforfirmsto“reverseengineer”theirrivals’designs.SophisticatedArgumentsforActivistTradePolicyCopyright
6、©2003PearsonEducation,Inc.5TheCaseforGovernmentSupportofHigh-TechnologyIndustriesSubsidizetheactivitywithexternalities,notallactivitiesinanindustry.Forinstance,R&D(asopposedtomanufacturing)shouldbesubsidized.HowImportantAreExternalities?Externalitiesarehardtomeasure
7、empirically.Problemsofappropriabilityatthelevelofthenation(asopposedtothefirm)arelessseverebutstillimportantevenforanationaslargeastheUnitedStates.SophisticatedArgumentsforActivistTradePolicyCopyright©2003PearsonEducation,Inc.6ImperfectCompetitionandStrategicTradeP
8、olicyInsomeindustrieswherethereareonlyafewfirmsineffectivecompetition:Theassumptionsofperfectcompetitionwillnotapply.Firmswillmakeexcessre
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