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第八讲：雅思阅读配对题 一、形式：三部分组成题目要求、选相的集合、题目的集合 二、特点：难以捉摸大多数是细节信息（段落配信息题除外）乱序分布 三、分类配对一方是特殊定位词配对双方是长句子段落配信息 四、基本解题步骤识别配对的双方的类型以及各自的数量决定先定位哪一方通读配对另一方，划出全部定位词，逐段进行配对 1.配对一方是特殊定位词方法：A迅速浏览定位词，在文中划出，没有出现定位词的段落一律不考虑。B通读配对题的另一方，划出定位词，逐段配对。例题：剑一T2P1Q1-7 A Whydohumans,virtuallyaloneamongallanimalspecies,displayadistinctleftorrighthandedness?Notevenourclosestrelativesamongtheapespossesssuchdecidedlateralasymmetry,aspsychologistscallit.Yetabout90percentofeveryhumanpopulationthathaseverlivedappearstohavebeenright-handed.ProfessorBryanTurneratDeacon Universityhasstudiedtheresearchliteratureonleft-handednessandfoundthathandednessgoeswithsidedness.Sonineoutoftenpeopleareright-handedandeightareright-footed.Henotedthatthisdistinctiveasymmetryinthehumanpopulationisitselfsystematic.Humansthinkincategories:blackandwhite,upanddown,leftandright.It'sasystemofsignsthatenablesustocategoriesphenomenathatareessentiallyambiguous. BResearchhasshownthatthereisgeneticorinheritedelementtohandedness.Butwhileleft-handednesstendstoruninfamilies,neitherleftnorrighthandlerswillautomaticallyproduceoff-springwiththesamehandedness;infactabout6percentofchildrenwithtworight-handedparentswillbeleft-handed.However,amongtwoleft-handedparents,perhaps40percentofthechildrenwillalsobeleft-handed.Withonerightandoneleft-handedparent,15to20percentoftheoffspringwillbeleft-handed.Evenamongidenticaltwinswhohaveexactlythesamegenes,oneinsixpairswilldifferintheirhandedness. CWhatthenmakespeopleleft-handedifitisnotsimplygenetic?Otherfactorsmustbeatworkandresearchershaveturnedtothebrainforclues.Inthe 1860stheFrenchsurgeonandanthropologist,DrPaulBoca,madetheremarkablefindingthatpatientswhohadlosttheirpowersofspeechasaresultofastroke(abloodclotinthebrain)hadparalysisoftherighthalfoftheirbody.Henotedthatsincethelefthemisphereofthebraincontrolstherighthalfofthebody,andviceversa,thebraindamagemusthavebeeninthebrain'slefthemisphere,Psychologistsnowbelievethatamongrighthandedpeople,probably95percenthavetheirlanguagecentreinthelefthemisphere,while5percenthaveright-sidedlanguage,Left-handers,however,donotshowthereversepatternbutinsteadamajorityalsoSome30percenthaverighthemispherelanguage. DDrBrinkman,abrainresearcherattheAustralian National UniversityinCanberra,hassuggestedthatevolutionofspeechwentwithright-handedpreference.AccordingtoBrinkman,asthebrainevolved,onesidebecamespecializedforfinecontrolofmovement(necessaryforproducingspeech)andalongwiththisevolutioncameright-handpreference.AccordingtoBrinkman,mostleft-handershavelefthemispheredominancebutalsosomecapacityintherighthemisphere.Shehasobservedthatifaleft-handedpersonisbrain-damagedinthelefthemisphere,therecoveryofspeechisquiteoftenbetterandthisisexplainedbythefactthatleft-handershaveamorebilateralspeechfunction. EInherstudiesofmacaquemonkeys,Brinkmanhasnoticedthatprimates(monkeys)seemtolearnahandpreferencefromtheirmotherinthefirstyearoflifebutthiscouldbeonehandortheother.Inhumans,however,thespecializationinfunctionofthetwohemispheresresultsinanatomicaldifferences;areasthatareinvolvedwiththeproductionofspeechareusuallylargerontheleftsidethanontheright.Sincemonkeyshavenotacquiredtheartofspeech,onewouldnotexpecttoseesuchavariationbutBrinkmanclaimstohavediscoveredatrendinmonkeystowardstheasymmetrythatisevidentinthehumanbrain. FTwoAmericanresearchers,GeschwindandGalaburda,studiedthebrainsofhumanembryosanddiscoveredthattheleft-rightasymmetryexistsbeforebirth.Butasthebraindevelops,anumberofthingscanaffectit.Everybrainisinitiallyfemaleinitsorganisationanditonlybecomesamalebrainwhenthemalefetusbeginstosecretehormones.GeschwindandGalaburdaknewthatdifferentpartsofthebrainmatureatdifferentrates;therighthemispheredevelopsfirst,thentheleft.Moreover,agirl'sbraindevelopssomewhatfasterthanthatofaboy.So,ifsomethinghappenstothebrain'sdevelopmentduringpregnancy,itismorelikelytobeaffectedinamaleandthehemispheremorelikelytobeinvolvedistheleft.Thebrainmaybecomelessliberalizedandthisinturncouldresultinleft-handednessandthedevelopmentofcertainsuperiorskillsthathavetheiroriginsinthelefthemispheresuchaslogic,rationalityandabstraction.Itshouldbenosurprisethenthatamongmathematiciansandarchitects,left-handerstendtobemorecommonandtherearemoreleft-handedmalesthanfemales. GTheresultsofthisresearchmaybesomeconsolationtoleft-handerswhohaveforcenturieslivedinaworlddesignedtosuitright-handedpeople.However,whatisalarming,accordingtoMr.CharlesMoore,awriterandjournalist,isthewaytheword`right'reinforcesitsownvirtue.Subliminallyhesays,languagetellspeopletothinkthatanythingontherightcanbetrustedwhileanythingontheleftisdangerousorevensinister.Wespeakofleft-handedcomplimentsandaccordingtoMoore,`itisnocoincidencethatleft-hand,oftendevelopastammerastheyarerobbedoftheirfreedomofspeech'.However,asmoreresearchisundertakenonthecausesoflefthandedness,attitudestowardsleft-handedpeoplearegraduallychangingforthebetter.IndeedwhenthechampiontennisplayerIndeedwhenthechampiontennisplayerIvanLendwasaskedwhatthesinglethingimprovehisgame,hesaidhewouldliketobecomealeft-hander. Questions1-7 Usetheinformationinthetexttomatchthepeople(listedA-E)withtheopinions(listed1-7)below.Writetheappropriateletter(A-E)inboxes1-7onyouranswersheet.Somepeoplematchmorethanoneopinion. ADrBoca BDrBrinkman CGeschwindandGalaburda DCharlesMoore EProfessorTurner1Humanbeingsstartedtoshowapreferenceforright-handednesswhen theyfirstdevelopedlanguage. 2Societyisprejudicedagainstleft-handedpeople. 3Boysaremorelikelytobeleft-handed. 4Afterastroke,left-handedpeoplerecovertheirspeechmorequickly thanright-handedpeople. 5Peoplewhosufferstrokesontheleftsideofthebrainusuallylose theirpowerofspeech. 6Thetwosidesofthebraindevelopdifferentfunctionsbeforebirth. 7Asymmetryisacommonfeatureofthehumanbody. 1Humanbeingsstartedtoshowapreferenceforright-handednesswhentheyfirstdevelopedlanguage.2Societyisprejudicedagainstleft-handedpeople. 3Boysaremorelikelytobeleft-handed. 4Afterastroke,left-handedpeoplerecovertheirspeechmorequicklythanright-handedpeople. 5Peoplewhosufferstrokesontheleftsideofthebrainusuallylosetheirpowerofspeech. 6Thetwosidesofthebraindevelopdifferentfunctionsbeforebirth. 7Asymmetryisacommonfeatureofthehumanbody. Henotedthatthisdistinctiveasymmetryinthehumanpopulationisitselfsystematic.Humansthinkincategories:blackandwhite,upanddown,leftandright.It'sasystemofsignsthatenablesustocategoriesphenomenathatareessentiallyambiguous.7Asymmetryisacommonfeatureofthehumanbody. Inthe 1860stheFrenchsurgeonandanthropologist,DrPaulBoca,madetheremarkablefindingthatpatientswhohadlosttheirpowersofspeechasaresultofastroke(abloodclotinthebrain)hadparalysisoftherighthalfoftheirbody.5Peoplewhosufferstrokesontheleftsideofthebrainusuallylosetheirpowerofspeech. DrBrinkman,abrainresearcherattheAustralian National UniversityinCanberra,hassuggestedthatevolutionofspeechwentwithright-handedpreference.1Humanbeingsstartedtoshowapreferenceforright-handednesswhentheyfirstdevelopedlanguage. Shehasobservedthatifaleft-handedpersonisbrain-damagedinthelefthemisphere,therecoveryofspeechisquiteoftenbetterandthisisexplainedbythefactthatleft-handershaveamorebilateralspeechfunction.4.Afterastroke,left-handedpeoplerecovertheirspeechmorequicklythanright-handedpeople. TwoAmericanresearchers,GeschwindandGalaburda,studiedthebrainsofhumanembryosanddiscoveredthattheleft-rightasymmetryexistsbeforebirth.6.Thetwosidesofthebraindevelopdifferentfunctionsbeforebirth. Moreover,agirl'sbraindevelopssomewhatfasterthanthatofaboy.So,ifsomethinghappenstothebrain'sdevelopmentduringpregnancy,itismorelikelytobeaffectedinamaleandthehemispheremorelikelytobeinvolvedistheleft.3Boysaremorelikelytobeleft-handed. However,whatisalarming,accordingtoMr.CharlesMoore,awriterandjournalist,isthewaytheword‘right’reinforcesitsownvirtue.Subliminallyhesays,languagetellspeopletothinkthatanythingontherightcanbetrustedwhileanythingontheleftisdangerousorevensinister.2Societyisprejudicedagainstleft-handedpeople. 练习：剑二T3P3Q34-40 2.双方都是长句子方法：A划出题目中的定位词，定位到段落。B划出选项中的定位词，逐段进行配对。例题：剑七T2P3Q36-39 剑七T2P3Q36-39Questions36-39Completeeachsentencewiththecorrectending,A—J,below.Writethecorrectletter,A—J,inboxes36-39onyouranswersheet.36Constructionoffootbridges,stepsandhandrails 37FrequentbreakdownofbusesandtrucksinMakete38Theimprovementofsecondaryroadsandpaths 39TheisolationofMaketeforpartoftheyearAprovidedthepeopleofMaketewithexperienceinrunningbusandtruckservices. Bwasespeciallysuccessfulinthenorthernpartofthedistrict. Cdifferedfromearlierphasesinthatthecommunitybecamelessactivelyinvolved. Dimprovedpathsusedfortransportupanddownhillsides. Ewasnolongeraproblemoncetheroadshadbeenimproved. Fcostlessthanlocallymadewheelbarrows. Gwasdoneonlyattherequestoflocalpeoplewhowerewillingtolendahand. HwasatfirstconsideredbyMIRTPtobeaffordableforthepeopleofthedistrict. Ihinderedattemptstomaketheexistingtransportservicesmoreefficient.JwasthoughttobethemostimportantobjectiveofPhaseIII. Mostgoodsweretransportedalongthepathsthatprovideshort-cutsupanddownthehillsides,butthepathswerearealsafetyriskandmadethejourneyonfootevenmorearduous.Itmadesensetoimprovethepathsbybuildingsteps,handrailsandfootbridges.36Constructionoffootbridges,stepsandhandrailsDimprovedpathsusedfortransportupanddownhillsides. Theeffortstoimprovetheefficiencyoftheexistingtransportserviceswerenotverysuccessfulbecausemostofthemotorizedvehiclesinthedistrictbrokedownandtherewerenoresourcestorepairthem.37FrequentbreakdownofbusesandtrucksinMaketeIhinderedattemptstomaketheexistingtransportservicesmoreefficient Pathsandsecondaryroadswereimprovedonlyattherequestofcommunitieswhowerewillingtoparticipateinconstructionandmaintenance.38TheimprovementofsecondaryroadsandpathsGwasdoneonlyattherequestoflocalpeoplewhowerewillingtolendahand. Theroadimprovementsandaccompanyingmaintenancesystemhadhelpedmakethedistrictcentreaccessiblethroughouttheyear.39TheisolationofMaketeforpartoftheyearEwasnolongeraproblemoncetheroadshadbeenimproved. 练习：剑五T2P2Q24-27 3.段落配信息题方法：划出定位词，以段落为单位，读完一段话，返回来浏览一遍定位词，如果有对应内容就选，没有就不选例题：剑六T1P2Q14-17 Question14-17Whichparagraphcontainsthefollowinginformation? Writethecorrectletter,A—I，inboxes14—17.14.asuggestionforimprovementtradeinthefuture 15.theeffectoftheintroductionofelectronicdelivery 16.thesimilarcostinvolvedintransportingaproductfrom abroadorfromalocalsupplier 17.theweakeningrelationshipbetweenthevalueofgoodsandthecostoftheirdelivery 14.asuggestionforimprovementtradeinthefuture 最后一段I InAmericatheperiodofhugeproductivitygainsintransportationmaybealmostover,butinmostcountriestheprocessstillhasfartogo.Stateownershipofrailwaysandairlines,regulationoffreightratesandtolerationofanti-competitivepractices,suchascargo-handlingmonopolies,allkeepthecostofshippingunnecessarilyhighanddeterinternationaltrade.Bringingthesebarriersdownwouldhelptheworld'seconomiesgrowevencloser. 15.theeffectoftheintroductionofelectronicdeliveryF Thisisevenmoretrueofthefast-growinginformationindustries.Filmsandcompactdiscscostlittletotransport,evenbyaeroplane.Computersoftwarecanbe"exported"withouteverloadingitontoaship,simplybytransmittingitovertelephonelinesfromonecountrytoanother,sofreightratesandcargo-handlingschedulesbecomeinsignificantfactorsindecidingwheretomaketheproduct.Businessescanlocatebasedonotherconsiderations,suchastheavailabilityoflabour,whileworryinglessaboutthecostofdeliveringtheiroutput. 16.thesimilarcostinvolvedintransportingaproductfrom abroadorfromalocalsupplier.E Toseehowthisinfluencestrade,considerthebusinessofmakingdiskdrivesforcomputers.Mostoftheworld'sdisk-drivemanufacturingisconcentratedinSouth-eastAsia.Thisispossibleonlybecausediskdrives,whilevaluable,aresmallandlightandsocostlittletoship.ComputermanufacturersinJapanorTexaswillnotfacehugelybiggerfreightbillsiftheyimportdrivesfromSingaporeratherthanpurchasingthemonthedomesticmarket.Distancethereforeposesnoobstacletotheglobalisationofthedisk-driveindustry. 17.theweakeningrelationshipbetweenthevalueofgoodsandthecostoftheirdeliveryD Countriesstilltradedisproportionatelywiththeirgeographicneighbours.Overtime,however,worldoutputhasshiftedintogoodswhoseworthisunrelatedtotheirsizeandweight.Today,itisfinishedmanufacturedproductsthatdominatetheflowoftrade,and,thankstotechnologicaladvancessuchaslightweightcomponents,manufacturedgoodsthemselveshavetendedtobecomelighterandlessbulky.Asaresult,lesstransportationisrequiredforeverydollar'sworthofimportsorexports. 五、注意1.大多数情况下，每个题目只能选一个选项。 2.有些选项可能会用两次以上。3.有的选项可能用不上。 4.第一题的答案往往在文章的后部，最后一题的答案往往在文章的前部。5.注意题目的答案要求 练习：剑四T2P3Q27-32,T3P3Q27-31
