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1、化学家利奥·贝克兰化学家利奥·贝克兰[1]IntheopeningsceneofTheGraduate,BenjaminBraddock(playedbyayoungDustinHoffman)isawkwardlyworkinganaffluentSouthernCaliforniacrowdatagraduationpartyarrangedforhimbyhisparentswhenafamilyfriendoffersoneofthecentury'smostfamouspiecesofcine-maticadvice:"Ijustwanttosayonewordtoyou.Jus
2、toneword:plastics."[2]Millionsofmoviegoerswincedandsmiled.Thesceneneatlycapturedtheirownlate'60sambivalencetowardtheevermoresyntheticlandscapeoftheirtimes.Theylovedtheircheap,easy-to-cleanFormicacountertops,butenvied-andlongedfor-theauthentictouchandtime-lessnessofmarbleandwood.Thechordstruckbytha
3、tlineinTheGraduateunder-scoredhowmuchhadhappenedinthesixdecadessincethesummerof1907,whenLeoBaekelandmadethelaboratorybreak-throughthatwouldchangethestuffourworldismadeof.[3]ABelgian-hornchemist-entrepreneur,Baekelandhadaknackforspottingprofitableopportunities.Hescoredhisfirstsuccessinthe1890swithh
4、isinventionofVelox,animprovedphotographicpaperthatfreedphotographersfromhavingtousesunlightfordevelopingimages.WithVelox,theycouldrelyonartificiallight,whichatthetimeusuallymeantgaslightbutsooncametomeanelectric.Itwasafarmoredependableandconvenientwaytowork.In1899GeorgeEastman,whosecamerasanddevel
5、opingserviceswouldmakephotogra-phyahouseholdactivity,boughtfullrightstoVeloxforthethenastonishingsumof$1million.[4]Withthatwindfall,Baekeland,hiswifeCelina(knownas"Bonbon")andtwochildrenmovedtoSnugRock,apala-tialestatenorthofYonkers,N.Y.,over-lookingtheHudsonRiver.There,inabarnbeconvertedintoalab,
6、hebeganforagingforhisnextbighit.Itwasn'tlongbeforetheburgeoningelectricalindustryseemedtosayjustonewordtohim:insulators.[5]TheinitialteaseforBaekeland----"DocBaekeland"tomany-wastherisingcostofshellac.Forcenturies,theresinoussecretionsthatLacciferlaccabeetlesde-positedontreeshadprovidedacottagein-
7、dustryinsouthernAsia,wherepeasantsheatedandfilteredittoproduceavarnishforcoatingandpreservingwoodproducts.Shellacalsohappenedtobeaneffectiveelectricalinsulator.Earlyelectricalworkersuseditasacoatingtoinsulatecoil