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1、The life of Isaac NewtonMostofyou,nodoubt,knowthestoryofNewtonandthefallingappleandhowitledtohisdiscoveryofthelawofgravity.Buthowmuchdoyouknowbeyondthat?Doyouknowwhatkindofmanthisgreatscientistwas?orwherehestandsinthehistoryofscience?Ifyoudon't,orevenifyoudo,readthefo
2、llowinglesson.IsaacNewtonwasbornonChristmasDay,1642.HegrewupintheEnglishcountryside.FromtheveryfirstNewtonwasverymuchinterestedinthemysteriesofnature.OneofthemostdifficultscientificproblemsofNewton'sdaywasaboutthequestionofmotion.Whydidobjectsmove?Scientistscouldseeth
3、atstonesrolleddownhills,thatwindblewleavesalongtheground,andheavyobjectsfelltotheearthwhendropped.AfterCopernicus,theybegantoadmitthattheearthitselfmoved."Weretherelawsthatgovernthesevariouskindsofmotion?"theyaskedthemselves.TheGreekshadbelievedthereweredifferentrules
4、formotiononearthandinspace,andthattherewereunnaturalmovementsonthesurfaceoftheearth.GalileowasthefirstpersontochallengethisGreekviewofmotion.ThisItalianscientistwasafollowerofCopernicus.Itdidn'tmakemuchsensetoGalileotohavedifferentrulesformotiononearthandinspace.Hemad
5、etwoimportantdiscoveries.First,heshowedthatmotionwasnotunnatural.Onthecontrary,anobjectonceinmotionwouldtendtocontinueinmotion.Second,Galileoworkedoutamathematicalformulaforthemotionofallobjectsthatfelltotheearth.Galileo,however,didnotexplainhowallmotionintheuniversew
6、orked.MuchworkhadbeendonesinceCopernicustoobserveandrecordthemovementsinthesolarsystem.Itremainednowforsomegreatmathematicalmindtopullthisworkalltogetherandputitintouniversallaws.Attheageoftwenty-threeIsaacNewtonmovedfromCambridgetohiscountryhome.Therehisthoughtsturne
7、dtotheproblemsofmotion.AsNewtonhimselflatertoldthestory,hewassittinginthegardenoneevening,thinking,whenhenoticedafallingapple.Theapplesethimtowonderingaboutthemovementoffallingthings.Itoccurredtohimthattheforcewhichcausedfruittofallfromtreesworkedquiteaswellatgreaterd
8、istancesfromthecenteroftheearth--ontopofbuildingsorevenontopofmountains.Perhaps,thoughtNewton,thissameforcereachedoutmuchfar
