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1、EnglishCourseGrammar-PartII.Lecture2第一节从句概述从句部分是一个重要的英语理论问题,也是一个非常复杂的语法现象。不仅在单项选择题会有考题,而且会大量的出现在阅读理解的句子中,直接干扰对阅读中句子的理解;也会大量出现在完形填空、翻译考题中;写作中也需要对于从句知识的熟练掌握,这样才能自如地写出长句,增加写作的表达效果。从句从宏观上分为定语从句、名词性从句、状语从句,在这些概念之下可再做细分。第二节定语从句一.定语从句相关概念理解1.定语从句、先行词、关系词(关系代词、关系副词)定语从句(A
2、ttributiveClauses)在句中做定语,一般修饰名词或代词的,被修饰的名词,词组或代词即先行词。定语从句通常出现在先行词之后,由关系词(关系代词或关系副词)引出。其中关系代词有:who,whom,whose,that,which,as等;关系副词有:when,where,why等。Eg:Hesawthemanagerstalkingwithsomebodywhomhedidn'tknow.Peoplewhohavemadegreatcontributionstotheworldshouldbegreatlyres
3、pected.ThenewswhichIamgoingtotellyouaboutisratherserious.Hewillalwaysrememberthedaywhen/onwhichhisfatherreturnfromAmerica.Tomostpeople,citieshavebeentheareaswheretherewasaconcentrationofculture,aswellasopportunity.2.限定性定语从句具有两个特点:在形式上,从句与被修饰的名词之间通常没有标点符号相隔;意义上,从句必
4、不可少,否则,被修饰的名词性质将无法确定。Theautomobileindustryismanufacturinganewtypeofmotorsthatwillconsumelessgasolineandcausemuchlesspollution.Theboyswhowantedtoplayfootballweredisappointedwhenitrained.Peoplewhoexercisemostmaylivelonger.3.非限定性定语从句同样具有两个特点:在形式上,从句与被修饰的名词之间必须用逗号隔开;在
5、意义上,从句只是意义上的进一步补充和说明,并不影响被修饰的性质界定。缺少该从句,先行词依然性质确定。Inourschoolthereareeightforeignteachers,whocomefromAustralia.Theboys,whowantedtoplayfootball,weredisappointedwhenitrained.Ihaveasister,whoisasurgeon.ImetyourfriendwhowasstayinginParis.Imetyourmother,whowasstayingin
6、Paris.Thisisthewallwhichtheybuiltlastweek.ThisistheGreatWall,whichisworld-famous.二.关系代词引导的定语从句关系代词所代替的先行词是人或物的名词或代词,并在句中充当主语、宾语、表语、定语等成分。关系代词在定语从句中作主语时,从句谓语动词的人称和数要和先行词保持一致。1.who,whom,that这些词代替的先行词是人的名词或代词,在从句中所起作用如下:Ishethemanwho/thatwantstoseeyou?(who/that在从句中作主
7、语)Heisthemanwhom/thatIsawyesterday.(whom/that在从句中作宾语)2.which,that它们所代替的先行词是事物的名词或代词,在从句中可作主语、宾语等,Eg:Aprosperitywhich/thathadneverbeenseenbeforeappearsinthecountryside.农村出现了前所未有的繁荣。(which/that在句中作zhu语)Thepackage(which/that)youarecarryingisabouttocomeunwrapped.你拿的包快
8、散了。(which/that在句中作宾语)3.当先行词是物时,关系代词that,which使用的特别规定1)只能用that作为定语从句的关系代词的情况a)在therebe句型中b)在不定代词,如:anything,nothing,theone,all,much,few,any,little等作先行词时I