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ID:47537062
大小:25.02 KB
页数:6页
时间:2020-01-14
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1、lDesignfeatures(定义特征):thedistinctivefeaturesofhumanlanguagethatessentiallymakehumanlanguagedistinguishablefromlanguagesofanimals.Synchronic(共时的):saidofanapproachthatstudieslanguageatatheoretical“point”intime.Diachronic(历时的):saidofthestudyofdevelopmentoflanguageandlanguagesovertime.Prescriptive(
2、规定式):tomakeanauthoritarianstatementaboutthecorrectnessofaparticularuseoflanguage.Descriptive(描写式):tomakeanobjectiveandsystematicaccountofthepatternsanduseofalanguageorvariety.Competence(语言能力):unconsciousknowledgeofthesystemofgrammaticalrulesinalanguage.对于一门语言的语法规则系统的无意识获得的知识。Performance(语言运用):t
3、helanguageactuallyusedbypeopleinspeakingorwriting.人们说话写作时实际使用的语言。Langue(语言):thelanguagesystemsharedbya“speechcommunity”.一个“语言社团”共有的语言系统。Parole(言语):theconcreteutterancesofaspeaker.说话人实际说的话语。lPhonology(音系学):thestudyofthesoundpatternsandsoundsystemsoflanguage.Itaimstodiscovertheprinciplesthatgover
4、nthewaysoundsareorganizedinlanguages,andtoexplainthevariationsthatoccur.InternationalPhoneticAlphabet(国际音标):asetofstandardphoneticsymbolsintheformofachart(theIPAchart),designedbytheInternationalPhoneticAssociationsince1888.Ithasbeenrevisedfromtimetotimetoincludenewdiscoveriesandchangesinphoneti
5、ctheoryandpractice.CardinalVowels(基本元音):asetofvowelqualitiesarbitrarilydefined,fixedandunchanging,intendedtoprovideaframeofreferenceforthedescriptionoftheactualvowelsofexistinglanguages.Assimilation(同化现象):aprocessbywhichonesoundtakesonsomeorallthecharacteristicsofaneighboringsound,atermoftenuse
6、dsynonymouslywith“coarticulation”.Ifafollowingsoundisinfluencingaprecedingsound,itiscalledregressive”assimilation”;theconverseprocess,inwhichaprecedingsoundisinfluencingafollowingsound,isknownasprogressive”assimilation”.MaximalOnsetPrinciple(最大节首原则):aprinciplefordividingthesyllablewhenthereisac
7、lusterofconsonantsbetweentwovowels,whichstatesthatwhenthereisachoiceastowheretoplaceaconsonant,itisputintotheonsetratherthanthecoda.lMorpheme(语素):thesmallestunitoflanguageintermsoftherelationshipbetweenexpressionandcontent,aunitth
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