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时间:2020-03-19
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1、Chapter6Cognitionisthementalprocessorfacultyofknowing,includingaspectssuchasawareness,perception,reasoning,andjudgment.Thereexistthreeapproachestothestudyoflanguageandcognition:theformalapproach,thepsychologicalapproachandtheconceptualapproach.TheFormalapproachbasicallyaddressesthestructura
2、lpatternsexhibitedbytheovertaspectoflinguisticforms,largelyabstractedawayfromorregardedasautonomousfromanyassociatedmeaning.ThePsychologicalapproachlooksatlanguagefromtheperspectiveofrelativelygeneralcognitivesystemsrangingfromperception,memory,andattentiontoreasoning.Theconceptualapproachi
3、sconcernedwiththepatternsinwhichandtheprocessesbywhichconceptualcontentisorganizedinlanguage.Structurewillbeusedtoreferbothtopatternsandtoprocess,theconceptualapproachcanmoresimplybesaidtoaddresshowlanguagestructuresconceptualcontent.Psycholinguisticsisthestudyofpsychologicalaspectsoflangua
4、ge;itusuallystudiesthepsychologicalstatesandmentalactivitiesassociatedwiththeuseoflanguage.Sixaspectsofresearchwithinpsycholinguistics:①Acquisition②Comprehension③Production④Disorders⑤Languageandthought⑥NeurocognitionLanguageacquisition:①Holophrasticstage②Two-wordstage③Stageofthree-wordutter
5、ances④FluentgrammaticalconversationstageConnectionisminpsycholinguisticsclaimsthatreadersusethesamesystemoflinksbetweenspellingunitsandsoundunitstogeneratepronunciationsofwrittenwordsliketoveandtoaccessthepronunciationsoffamiliarwordslikestove,orwordsthatareexceptionstothesepatterns,likelov
6、e.Languagecomprehension:①wordrecognition②comprehensionofsentences③comprehensionoftextCohortmodel:thefirstfewphonemesofaspokenwordactivateasetorcohortofwordcandidatesthatareconsistentwiththeinput.Interactivemodelholdsthathigherprocessinglevelshaveadirect,“top-down”influenceonlowerlevels.Ther
7、acemodeldoesnotagree“top-down”effects,ithastworoutesthatraceeachother----apre-lexicalroute,whichcomputesphonologicalinformationfromtheacousticsignal,andalexicalroute,inwhichthephonologicalinformationassociatedwithawordbecomesavailablewhentheworditselfisa
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