语言学重点总结.doc

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1、Chapter6Cognitionisthementalprocessorfacultyofknowing,includingaspectssuchasawareness,perception,reasoning,andjudgment.Thereexistthreeapproachestothestudyoflanguageandcognition:theformalapproach,thepsychologicalapproachandtheconceptualapproach.TheFormalapproachbasicallyaddressesthestructura

2、lpatternsexhibitedbytheovertaspectoflinguisticforms,largelyabstractedawayfromorregardedasautonomousfromanyassociatedmeaning.ThePsychologicalapproachlooksatlanguagefromtheperspectiveofrelativelygeneralcognitivesystemsrangingfromperception,memory,andattentiontoreasoning.Theconceptualapproachi

3、sconcernedwiththepatternsinwhichandtheprocessesbywhichconceptualcontentisorganizedinlanguage.Structurewillbeusedtoreferbothtopatternsandtoprocess,theconceptualapproachcanmoresimplybesaidtoaddresshowlanguagestructuresconceptualcontent.Psycholinguisticsisthestudyofpsychologicalaspectsoflangua

4、ge;itusuallystudiesthepsychologicalstatesandmentalactivitiesassociatedwiththeuseoflanguage.Sixaspectsofresearchwithinpsycholinguistics:①Acquisition②Comprehension③Production④Disorders⑤Languageandthought⑥NeurocognitionLanguageacquisition:①Holophrasticstage②Two-wordstage③Stageofthree-wordutter

5、ances④FluentgrammaticalconversationstageConnectionisminpsycholinguisticsclaimsthatreadersusethesamesystemoflinksbetweenspellingunitsandsoundunitstogeneratepronunciationsofwrittenwordsliketoveandtoaccessthepronunciationsoffamiliarwordslikestove,orwordsthatareexceptionstothesepatterns,likelov

6、e.Languagecomprehension:①wordrecognition②comprehensionofsentences③comprehensionoftextCohortmodel:thefirstfewphonemesofaspokenwordactivateasetorcohortofwordcandidatesthatareconsistentwiththeinput.Interactivemodelholdsthathigherprocessinglevelshaveadirect,“top-down”influenceonlowerlevels.Ther

7、acemodeldoesnotagree“top-down”effects,ithastworoutesthatraceeachother----apre-lexicalroute,whichcomputesphonologicalinformationfromtheacousticsignal,andalexicalroute,inwhichthephonologicalinformationassociatedwithawordbecomesavailablewhentheworditselfisa