语言学复习总结重点

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1、一.Antonymy（反义词）：（书本P70）1.Gradableantonyms（分程度反义词）：amatterofdegree.eg.Old—middle-aged—younghol-warm-cold2.complementaryantonyms（互补关系）：amatterofdegreebetweentwoextremes.eg.Alive―ead;male一female3.relationalopposites（关系反义词）：pairsofwordsthatexhibitthereversalofarelationshipbetwe

2、enthetwoitems.eg.father-son;teacher-pupil;doctor-patient；buy-sell；above-below二、PaulGrice（保罗•格莱斯）提出的两个概念（书本P86）1.conventionalimplicature（规约含意，约定俗成的）：isbasedontheconventionalmeaningofcertainwordsinthelanguage・eg.Heisrichblitheisnotgreedy.2.particularizedconversationalimplicat

3、ure（特殊规约隐涵）：isinferredbythehearerwithreferencetothecontextofcommunication.eg.A：Whereisthesteak?B:Thedoglooksveryhappy.三、CharlesHockett（霍凯特）提出的人类语言的识别特征之一（书本P8）Arbitrariness（I膛总:t生）：Thereisnologicalconnectionbetweenmeaningsandsounds・eg.Rumble,crash,cackle,bang四.Freemorpheme（

4、可独立存在的）：amorphemewhichcanbeawordbyitself.eg.boy（书本P33）五、新构词（书本P99）1.blending（拼缀，紧缩法）：ablendisawordformedbycombiningpartsofotherwords,eg.Smog-一smoke+fog;motel——motor+hotel2.acronyms（首字母缩写，词首字母缩略法）：arewordsderivedfromtheinitialsofseveralwordseg.IT-——informationtechnology;CPI—

5、—consumerpriceindex六.Languageaptitude（语言能力倾向，语言学能）：thenaturalabilityforlearningasecondlanguage.（书本P164）七、SemanticChanges（语意变化）：（书本P102）1.semanticbroadening（扩展，意思越来越广，语义扩大化）2.semanticnarrowing（意思变小）3.semanticshift（转换）八.indirectspeechact（间接言语行动）：whichaimedtoexplainindirectlan

6、guageinthelightofthespeechacttheory.（书本P84-85）1.Theprimaryspeechactisthespeaker'sgoalofcommunicationwhilethesecondaryspeechactisthemeansbywhichheachievesgoal.2・eg.A：Let'sgotothemoviestonight.B：Ihavetostudyforanexam.（冋答问题或者名词解释）九、Sapir-WhorfHypotheis（假说）：1.Atheoryputforwardb

7、ytheAmericananthropologicallinguistsSapirandWhorfwhichstatesthatthewaypeopleviewtheworldisdeterminedwhollyorpartlybythestructureoftheirnativelanguage・（书本P128）2・Nowtherearemainlytwodifferentinterpretationsaboutthehypothesis:astrongversionandaweakone.Whilethestrongversionbeli

8、evesthatlanguagepatternsdeterminepeople'sthinkingandbehavior,theweakoneholdsthatfo