现代语言学复习重点

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1、1什么是语言学whatislinguistics?1.1定义definitionLinguisticsisgenerallydefinedasscientificstudyoflanguage.1.2语言学的研究范畴thescopeoflinguisticsa.Thestudyoflanguageasawholeisoftencalledgenerallinguistics.把语言作为一个整体而进行的全面的语言学研究一般称为普通语言学。b.Thestudyofsoundsusedinlinguisticcommunicationledtotheest

2、ablishmentofabranchoflinguisticscalledphonetics.语音学Howspeechsoundsareproducedandclassified.c.howsoundsareputtogetherandusedtoconveymeaningincommunication.howsoundsformsystemsandfunctiontoconveymeaning.phonology音位学/音系学交际中语音的组合规律及传达意义的方式d.Thestudyofthewayinwhichthesesymbolsarearr

3、angedtoformwordshasconstitutedthebranchofstudycalledmorphology.形态学howmorphemesarecombinedtoformwords.这些符号通过排列组合而成构成语词，对于这种排列组合方式的研究构成了语言学研究的另一个分支，如对形态学的研究。e.Thecombinationofthesewordstoformpermissiblesentencesinlanguagesisgovernedbyrules.Thestudyoftheserulesconstitutesamajorbra

4、nchoflinguisticstudies,syntax.句法学howmorphemesandwordsarecombinedtoformsentences.f.Thestudyofmeaning.semantics语义学(inabstraction)g.thestudyofmeaningisconductedincontextofuse.pragmatics语用学h.thestudyoflanguagewithreferencetosociety.sociolinguistics.社会语言学i.thestudyoflanguagewithrefe

5、rencetotheworkingsofthemind.psycholinguistics心里语言学j.theapplicationoflinguisticprinciplesandtheoriestolanguageteachingandlearning.appliedlinguistics1.3语言学研究中的一些基本概念someimportantdistinctionsinlinguistics.1.3.1规定性和描述性prescriptivevs.descriptiveifalinguisticstudydescribesandanalyzes

6、thelanguagepeopleactuallyuse;如果一种语言学的研究是对人们实际使用中的语言进行的描述和分析——描述性的descriptiveifitaimsattolaydownrulesfor“correct”behaviourtotellpeoplewhattheyshouldsayandwhattheyshouldnotsay如果某种研究的目的是在对所谓“正确的”行为制定一些规则——规定性的prescriptive现代语言学通常是描述性的，与“语法”的语言研究是大相径庭的1.3.2共时性和历时性synchronicvs.diachr

7、onicthedescriptionofalanguageatsomepointintimeisasynchronicstudy;thedescriptionofalanguageasitchangesthroughtimeisadiachronicstudy.现代语言学中，共时性研究比历时性研究更受人青睐。1.3.3口头语和书面语speechandwritingSpeechandwritingaretwomajormediaofcommunication.Modernlinguisticsregardsthespokenlanguageasprim

8、ary,notthewritten.Inthepast,traditionalgrammarianstend