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1、外文翻译原文TheEnvironmentandEconomicGlobalizationMaterialSource:Globalization:What’sNewAuthor:FrankelRegulationItwillhelpifweclarifyonemorefundamentalsetofissuesbeforeweturntothemainsubjectofthechapter,theroleofglobalizationperse.Itislogicaltoexpectenvironmentalregulationt
2、ocostsomething,tohaveanegativeeffectonmeasuredproductivityandincomepercapita.“Thereisnofreelunch,”MiltonFriedmanfamouslysaid.Mosttangiblegoodthingsinlifecostsomething,andformanykindsofregulation,ifeffective,peoplewillreadilyagreethatthecostisworthpaying.Cost-benefitte
3、stsandcost-minimizationstrategiesareeconomists’toolsfortryingtomakesurethatpoliciesdeliverthebestenvironmentforagiveneconomiccost,orthelowesteconomiccostforagivenenvironmentalgoal.[Taxesonenergy,forexample,particularlyonhydrocarbonfuels,arequiteanefficientmodeofenviro
4、nmentalregulation(iftherevenueis“recycled”efficiently),whileCAFÉstandardsaresomewhatlessefficient(differentiatedCAFÉstandards,forexample,encouragedthebirthoftheSUVcraze),andcrude“commandandcontrol”methodsarelessefficientstill(e.g.,governmentmandatesregardingwhatspecif
5、ictechnologiesfirmsmustuse).]Someenvironmentalregulations,whenlegislatedorimplementedpoorly,canimposeverylargeandunnecessaryeconomiccostsonfirms,andworkers,andconsumers.Occasionallytherearepolicymeasuresthathavebothenvironmentalandeconomicbenefits.Usuallythese“win-win
6、”ideasconstitutetheeliminationofsomepreviouslyexistingdistortioninpublicpolicy.Manycountrieshavehistoricallysubsidizedtheuseofcoal.TheUnitedStatessubsidizesminingandcattlegrazingonfederalland,andsometimesloggingandoildrillingaswell,nottomentionwateruse.Othercountriesh
7、avesubstantialsubsidiesforoceanfishing.Eliminationofsuchsubsidieswouldimprovetheenvironmentandsavemoneyatthesametime--notjustforthefederalbudget,butforaggregaterealincomeaswell.Admittedlytheeconomists’approach–taxinggasolineormakingrancherspayforgrazingrights–isoftenu
8、npopularpolitically.Anotherideathatwouldhaveeconomicandenvironmentalbenefitssimultaneouslywouldbetoremoveallbarriersagainsti
