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1、外文翻译原文Trade，Growth，andtheEnvironmentMaterialSource:JournalofEconomicLiterature，Vol.42,No.1,(Mar，2004)pp.7-71Author:BrianR.CopelandandM.ScottTaylor3.TradeLiberalizationandtheEnvironmentWenowturntotheimpactofinternationaltradeontheenvironment.Wedrawtheusualdistinctionbetweentradea
2、ndgrowth:tradeliberalizationchangesrelativegoodspricesbyopeninguptheeconomytoincreasedforeigncompetition,whilegrowthincreasesendowmentsorimprovestechnologyatgivenexternalprices.Whilethisdistinctionisclear,itmaynotalwaysbeaccurate.Thereisempiricalevidencethattradeliberalizational
3、sostimulateseconomicgrowth,andatatheoreticallevel,tradecanaltertherateofgrowthifitspursinnovationorfactoraccumulation.Inaddition,trademayalsopavethewayforlaborandcapitalmobilityandtechnologytransfer.Hence,tradecansetinmotionforcesthatshifttheproduction.Wefirstexaminetheeffectsof
4、tradeontheenvironmentinasmallopeneconomyfacingfixedworldpricestoemphasizethreemajorpoints.First,theeffectoftradeliberalizationontheenvironmentdependsonacountry'scomparativeadvantage,whichinturndependsoncountrycharacteristics.Thereisnoreasontoexpecttradetohavethesameeffectonallco
5、untries.Second,theeffectsoftradeontheenvironmentdependonwhetherenvironmentalpolicyisrigidorinsteadresponsivetochangesbroughtaboutbytrade.Whenpolicyisrigidwewillshowthatoutcomesdependonthetypeofenvironmentalpolicyinstrumentsusedbyregulators.Finally,thewelfareeffectsoftradeliberal
6、izationaresensitivetobothacountry'scomparativeadvantageandtheflexibilityofitspolicyregime.TradeFrictions.Formodelingpurposes,weneedtobespecificaboutthetradebarriersthatarebeingreduced.Sometradebarriers(suchastariffs)generaterevenue;others,suchasdistance,generateproductiveactivit
7、iessuchastransportationtoovercomethem;andyetothers,suchasbureaucraticdelaysandregulationssimplycreatetradingcosts.Wedon'twanttofocusonthedetailsoftradepolicy,butsimplycapturetheeffectsofincreasedopportunitiestotrade.Todosoweassumetherearesometradefrictionsbetweencountries,whichw
8、ecapturebyadoptingan"iceberg"modeloftradecosts.
