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1、外文翻译原文North-SouthTradeandtheEnvironmentMaterialSource:TheQuarterlyJournalofEconomicsAuthor:Copeland,TaylorAsimplestaticmodelofNorth-Southtradeisdevelopedtoexaminelinkagesbetweennationalincome,pollution,andinternationaltrade.Twocountriesproduceacontinuumo
2、fgoods,eachdifferinginpollutionintensity.Weshowthatthehigherincomecountrychoosesstrongerenvironmentalprotection,andspecializesinrelativelycleangoods.Byisolatingthescale,composition,andtechniqueeffectsofinternationaltradeonpollution,weshowthatfreetradeinc
3、reasesworldpollution;anincreaseintherichNorthproductionpossibilitiesincreasespollution,whilesimilargrowthinthepoorSouthlowerspollution;andunilateraltransfersfromNorthtoSouthreduceworldwidepollution.I.INTRODUCTIONOneofthemostinterestingdevelopmentsintrade
4、policyinrecentyearshasbeentheemergenceoftradeliberalizationasanenvironmentalissue.?Inadditiontofacingtraditionalprotectionistpressures,recentinitiativessuchastheNorthAmericanFreeTradeAgreementandtheUruguayRoundofGATTnegotiationshavebeenquestionedonthegro
5、undsthattheymightincreasepollution.Thishasledtomuchdebateabouttheenvironmentalconsequencesoffreetrade.Proponentsoffreertradearguethatenvironmentalqualityisanormalgood,andhencetrade-inducedincomegainsshouldcreatepoliticaldemandsfortougherenvironmentalstan
6、dards.Tougherstandardsshouldinturnbringforthcleanertechniquesofproduction.Skeptics,however,pointoutthatifproductionmethodsdonotchange,thenpollutionmustriseastradeincreasesthescaleofeconomicactivity.Moreover,ifenvironmentalqualityisanormalgood,thenlessdev
7、elopedcountrieswilladoptrelativelylowenvironmentalstandards.Asaresult,becauseofasymmetriesintheworlddistributionofincome,freetrademayaffectthecompositionofnationaloutputwithmanydevelopingcountriesturningtowardrelativelypollution-intensiveactivities.Gross
8、manandKrueger[19911andothershaverecentlybeguntoinvestigatetheempiricalsignificanceofeachoftheseeffects,buttheissuehasreceivedrelativelylittleattentioninthetheoreticalliterature.Thispapertakesafirststeptowardclarifyingtheth