环境贸易措施【外文翻译】

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1、外文翻译原文EnvironmentaltrademeasuresMaterialSource:EnvironmentalIssuesAuthor：ChadP.BownandRachelMcCullochI.IntroductionWhatroledoestheWorldTradeOrganizationplayineffortstosafeguardtheenvironment?Whatroleshoulditplay?Environmentalgroupsandgreen-leaninggovernmentshavecometoviewtheWTO,withitslargememb

2、ershipanditsrelativesuccessinachievingarules-basedinternationalregime,astheprimecandidateforinternationalarbiteronenvironmentalissues.However,manyproponentsofexpandedglobaltrade,andespeciallypolicymakersindevelopingcountries,areskepticalaboutanexpandedrolefortheWTOinmaintainingenvironmentalstan

3、dards.TheyfearthatWTO-approvedtradesanctionsmaybeusedtoenforceadherencetoenvironmentalnormsnotnecessarilysharedbyorappropriateforallnations,andthatenvironmentalprotectionmayinpracticetranslateintoafreshjustificationforold-fashionedprotectionism.Althoughtheword“environment”itselfappearsnowherein

4、theoriginalarticlesoftheGeneralAgreementonTariffsonTrade,ArticleXXallowsbroadexceptionsforenvironmentalpoliciesthatwouldotherwiseconstituteviolationsofGATTprinciples:[N]othinginthisAgreementshallbeconstruedtopreventtheadoptionorenforcementbyanycontractingpartyofmeasures...necessarytoprotecthuma

5、n,animalorplantlifeorhealth...[or]...relatingtotheconservationofexhaustiblenaturalresources....ButArticleXXalsospecifiesthatapplicationofsuchmeasuresmustnotconstitute“ameansofarbitraryorunjustifiablediscriminationbetweencountrieswherethesameconditionsprevail,oradisguisedrestrictiononinternation

6、altrade....”MuchoftherecentcontroversyovertheWTO’sappropriateroleinachievingenvironmentalobjectivescentersonapplicationofArticleXX,andthusatleastimplicitlyontheweightthatshouldbegiventoefficiencygainsfromexpandinginternationaltraderelativetohealthandwelfarebenefitsfromraisingenvironmentalqualit

7、y.Thistrade-offliesattheveryheartofthecontroversy.SeenfromtheperspectiveoftheWTO’sintendedroleaschampionofopeninternationalmarkets,ArticleXXofferspotentialgreencoverforprotectionist-inspirednationalpolicies.Yetenvironmentalistsreg