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1、外文翻译原文TariffEquivalentofTechnicalBarrierstoTradewithImperfectSubstitutionandTradeCostsMaterialSource:AmericanJournalofAgriculturalEconomicsAuthor:CHENGYANYUE,JOHNBEGHIN,ANDHELENH.JENSENArticle20oftheGeneralAgreementonTariffsandTrade(GATT)permitsgovernmentstosettheirownstandardsan
2、dregulationsontradeinordertoprotecthuman,animal,orplantlifeorhealth,providedtheydonotdiscriminateamongcountriesorusethismotiveasconcealedprotectionism.Inaddition,twospecificWorldTradeOrganization(WTO)agreementsdealwithfoodsafetyandanimalandplanthealth,andwithproductstandards:theS
3、anitaryandPhytosanitaryMeasuresAgreement(SPSA)andtheTechnicalBarrierstoTradeAgreement(TBTA).TheSPSAallowscountriestosettheirownstandards,butitrequiresthatthestandardsshouldnotarbitrarilydiscriminatebetweencountrieswithsimilarconditions.TheTBTAwasgeneratedtominimizeunnecessaryobst
4、aclesinregulations,standards,andtestingandcertificationprocedures.Inpractice,however,somegovernmentsusestricterhealthandsafetyregulationsthannecessarytoisolatedomesticproducersfrominternationalcompetition.Thestricterregulationsmayleadtoquestionableimpedimentstoimportsthatcompetew
5、ithdomesticproductsinadditiontotheexistingtariffbarriers.Whenthepossibilityofadiseaseorpesttransmissionisveryloworthreattofoodsafetyissmall,thesetradeimpedimentsoftencausewelfarelossesforimportingcountriesandmercantilistlossesforexportingcountriesduetoreducedexports.Theseissuesha
6、veofcourseattractedtheattentionofeconomists(Anderson,McRae,andWilson2001;Bureau,Marette,andSchiavina1998;Josling,Roberts,andOrden2004;RobertsandKrissoff2003).Thegrowingliteratureonsanitaryandphytosanitary(SPS)regulationsandothertechnicalbarrierstotrade(TBT)oftenusesaprice-wedgeap
7、proach1toquantifytheimpactofabarrieronmarketequilibriumandtrade,(e.g.,CalvinandKrissoff1998;CampbellandGossette1994).Althoughnotuniqueorsophisticated,themethodhasbeenlegitimizedintheeconomicsliteraturewithsomeprescriptionsandqualifierstoaccountfortransportationcostandqualitydiffe
8、rences(Baldwin1991;DeardorffandStern1998
