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1、本科毕业论文外文翻译外文题目：TARIFFEQUIVALENTANDFORGONETRADEEFFECTSOF PROHIBITIVETECHNICALBARRIERSTOTRADE出处：ProhibitiveTechnicalBarrierstoTrade作者：CHENGYANYUEANDJOHNC.BEGHIN原文：Wederiveamethodtoeconometricallyestimatethetariffequivalentandforgonetradeeffectsofaprohibitivetechnicalb
2、arriertotrade(TBT)basedonWalesandWoodland’sKuhn–Tuckerapproachtocornersolutionsinconsumerchoice.Themethodovercomesthelackofobserveddataonbilateraltradeflowsandaccountsfordifferentiatedgoodsbyplaceoforigin.Weapplythederivedrandomutilitymodeltointernationaltradeinappl
3、estoidentifythetariffequivalentofprohibitivephytosanitarybarriersimposedbyAustraliaonpotentialimportsofNewZealandapples.Weestimatetheforgoneappletradebetweenthetwocountries,theimpliedtradeinjuryimposedbyAustraliaonNewZealand,andthewelfarelosstoAustralia.Theremovalof
4、theAustralianpolicywouldinducenetwelfaregainsaroundUS$50millionannuallyforAustralia.Keywords:cornersolution,Kuhn–Tuckermodel,NewZealandapples,phytosanitary,prohibitivebarrier,technicalbarriertotrade.Manycountriesimplementdrasticmeasurestorestricttradeinaproductassoc
5、iatedwithaperceivedoractualriskoftransferringapestordiseaseintotheirgeography.Theseoccurrencesofnontarifftradebarriersforhumanorplanthealthhaveincreasedastariffshavebeenfallingworldwide(Beghin2008).Tradeagreementsrecognizecountries’righttosettheirownstandardsandregu
6、lationsontradeinordertoprotecthuman,animal,orplanthealthorlife.Forexample,twoWorldTradeOrganization(WTO)agreements,theSanitaryandPhytosanitary(SPS)MeasuresAgreement,andtheTechnicalBarrierstoTrade(TBT)Agreement,allowcountriestosettheirownstandardstoprotectplantandhum
7、anhealth.Theseagreements,however,requirethatthestandardsadoptednottobediscriminatoryorprotectionist.Inpractice,somecountriesimposestricter-than-necessaryconditionsonimportedgoodstoisolatedomesticproducersfrominternationalcompetition(JamesandAnderson1998).Inadditiont
8、otheexistingtariffbarriers,thestricterregulationsmayleadtoquestionableimpedimentstoimportsthatcompetewithdomesticproducts.Whenthepossibili
