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1、REVIEWOFTHEMONTHEcologyandtheTransitionfromCapitalismtoSocialismJOHNBELLAMYFOSTERThetransitionfromcapitalismtosocialismisthemostdifficultproblemofsocialisttheoryandpractice.Toaddtothisthequestionofecologymightthereforebeseenasunnecessarilycomplicatinganalreadyintractableissue.Is
2、hallarguehere,however,thatthehumanrelationtonatureliesattheheartofthetransitiontosocialism.Anecologicalperspectiveispivotaltoourunderstandingofcapitalism’slimits,thefailuresoftheearlysocialistexperiments,andtheoverallstruggleforegalitarianandsustainablehumandevelopment.Myargumen
3、thasthreeparts.First,itiscrucialtounderstandtheintimateconnectionbetweenclassicalMarxismandecologicalanalysis.Farfrombe-ingananomalyforsocialism,asweareoftenledtobelieve,ecologywasanessentialcomponentofthesocialistprojectfromitsinception—notwith-standingthenumerouslatershortcomi
4、ngsofSoviet-typesocietiesinthisre-spect.Second,theglobalecologicalcrisisthatnowconfrontsusisdeeplyrootedinthe“world-alienating”logicofcapitalaccumulation,traceabletothehistoricaloriginsofcapitalismasasystem.Third,thetransitionfromcapitalismtosocialismisastruggleforsustainablehum
5、andevelopmentinwhichsocietiesontheperipheryofthecapitalistworldsystemhavebeenleadingtheway.ClassicalMarxismandEcologyResearchcarriedoutoverthelasttwodecadeshasdemonstratedthattherewasapowerfulecologicalperspectiveinclassicalMarxism.Justasatransformationofthehumanrelationtotheear
6、thwas,inMarx’sview,anessentialpresuppositionforthetransitionfromfeudalismtocapitalism,sotherationalregulationofthemetabolicrelationtonaturewasunderstoodasanessentialpresuppositionforthetransitionfromcapitalismtosocialism.1MarxandEngelswroteextensivelyaboutecologicalproblemsarisi
7、ngfromThisarticleisarevisedversionofakeynoteaddressdeliveredatthe“ClimateChange,SocialChange”conference,Sydney,Australia,April12,2008,organizedbyGreenLeftWeekly.12MONTHLYREVIEW/NOVEMBER2008capitalismandclasssocietyingeneral,andtheneedtotranscendtheseun-dersocialism.Thisincludedd
8、iscussionsofthenineteenth-centurysoilcri-sis,wh
