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1、Unit1一：.Importantdistinctioninlinguistics1:prescriptiveanddescriptive(规范性和描述性）Ifthelinguisticstudyaimstodescribeandanalyzethelanguagepeopleactuallyuse,itissaidtobedescriptive.(beinoractually)Ifthelinguisticstudyaimstolaydownrulesfor“correctandstandard”behaviori
2、nusinglanguage,itissaidtobeprescriptive.(shouldbe)2:synchronicanddiachronic(共识的和历时的）synchronicisthedescriptionofalanguageatsomepointoftimeinhistory.diachronicisthedescriptionoflanguageasitchangesthroughtime.3.speechandwritingModernlinguisticsregardsthespokenlan
3、guageasthenaturalortheprimarymediumofhumanlanguageforsomeobviousreasons.4.langueandparole(语言和言语）Languereferstotheabstractlinguisticssystemsharedbyallthemembersofaspeechcommunity.Parolereferstotherealizationoflanguageinactualuse.5.Competenceandperformance（语言的能力和
4、表现）competenceistheidealuser'sknowledgeoftherulesofhislanguage;performanceistheactualrealizationofthisknowledgeinlinguisticcommunication.6.traditionalgrammarandmodernlinguistics(传统语法和现代语言学）二.Designfeaturesoflanguagelarbitrariness(任意性）：itmeansthereisnologicalconn
5、ectionbetweenmeaningandsounds.lproductivity（生产性）:languageisproductiveorcreativeinthatitmakespossibletheconstructionandinterpretationofnewsignalsbyitsusers.lduality（双重性）：languageisasystem,whichconsistsoftwosetsofstructureoflevels.ldisplacement(替代性）：languagecanbe
6、usedtoreferstocontextsremovedfromtheimmediatesituationsofthespeaker.lculturaltransmission（文化传递):itispassedonfromonegenerationtothenextthroughteachingandlearning.Unit2（重点）一：thespeechorganslips,teeth,teethridge,hardpalate,softpalate,uvula,tipoftongue,bladeoftongu
7、e,backoftongue(mostflexible),vocalcords,pharyngealcavity,nasalcavity二.phone，phonemeandallophone（音素，音位和音位变体）Phoneisaphoneticunitorsegment.Phonemeisaphonologicalunit;itisaunitthatisofdistinctivevalue,anditisaabstractunit.抽象的概念Allophonesisdifferentphonesrepresenta
8、phonemeindifferentphoneticenvironments.三.phonemiccontrast,complementarydistributionandminimalpair(音位的对立，互补的分布，最小对位）Iftheyaretwodistinctivephonemes,theyaresaidtoformaphonemic
