英语语言学-语言学知识点.ppt

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1、语言学知识点I语言学导论II语言学主要分支学科III语言学的流派和理论I语言学导论1.designfeatureoflanguage（语言的定义特征）2.LanguageFamilies(世界语言分类)3.importantdistinctionsinlinguistics(语言学研究中几对重要的概念)4.scopeoflinguistics(语言学的研究范围)1.designfeatureoflanguage（语言的定义特征)definingpropertiesofhumanlanguagethatdistinguishitfromanyanimalsystemofcommun

2、ication1.designfeatureoflanguage语言定义特征1)Arbitrariness（任意性）2)Duality(二层性)3)Creativity/Productivity(创造性)4)Displacement（移位性）5)CulturalTransmission(文化传递性)1）Arbitrariness(任意性):定义：theformsoflinguisticsignsbearnonaturalrelationshiptotheirmeaning.举例：书,book,livre喜欢，like，aimer2）Duality（二层性）:定义：theprope

3、rtyofhavingtwolevelsofstructures,suchthatunitsoftheprimarylevelarecomposedofelementsofthesecondarylevel.举例：Sounds>syllables>words>phrases>clauses>sentences>texts/discourses3）Creativity/Productivity（创造性）:定义：Languagecanbeusedtocreatenewmeaningsbecauseofitsduality举例1：/k/,/a:/,/p/----carporpark举例

4、2：England,defeated,FranceEnglanddefeatedFrance.FrancedefeatedEngland.4）Displacement（替代性）:定义：Humanlanguagesenabletheiruserstosymbolizesomethingwhicharenotpresentatthemomentofcommunication.5）CulturalTransmission（文化传递性）:定义：languageispassedonfromgenerationtogenerationthroughteachingandlearningrat

5、herthaninstinct.反例：印度狼孩3.Designfeature定义特征1)Arbitrariness（任意性）2)Duality(二层性)3)Creativity/Productivity(创造性)4)Displacement（移位性）5)CulturalTransmission(文化传递性)如何记忆:五性，创意遗传4.ImportantDistinctionsinLinguistics(语言学研究中几对重要的概念)1)descriptive&prescriptive2)synchronic&diachronic3)langue&parole4)competence

6、&performance1)Descriptive（描述性）vs.Prescriptive（规定性）Descriptive:describinghowthingsare.prescriptive:prescribinghowthingsoughttobeImportantDistinctionsinLinguistics举例：Don'tsayX.Peopledon'tsayX.Thefirstisaprescriptivecommand,whilethesecondisadescriptivestatement.2).Synchronic（共时性）vs.Diachronic（历时

7、性）synchronic:takesafixedinstantasitspointofobservation.diachronic:thestudyofalanguagethroughthecourseofitshistory.举例：研究1800年的英语发音Synchronicstudies(共时性研究)研究1800-1900的法语语法变化Diachronicstudies(历时研究)2.世界语言分类Languagefamily语系languagegroup语族Languageb