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1、襄樊学院毕业设计(论文)英文翻译题目专业班级姓名学号指导教师职称200年月日┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊装┊┊┊┊┊订┊┊┊┊┊线┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊襄樊学院毕业设计（论文）报告纸TheRestructuringofOrganizationsThroughoutthe1990s,mergersandacquisitionshavebeenamajorsourceofcorporaterestructuring,affectingmillionsofworkersandtheirfamilies.Thisformofrestructu
2、ringoftenisaccompaniedbydownsizing.Downsizingistheprocessofreducingthesizeofafirmbylayingofforretiringworkersearly.TheprimaryobjectivesofdownsizingaresimilarinU.S.companiesandthoseinothercountries:●cuttingcost,●spurringdecentralizationandspeedingupdecisionmaking,●cutting
3、bureaucracyandeliminatinglayersofhierarchy,and●improvingcustomerrelations.Notsurprisingly,theranksofmiddlemanagershavebeenespeciallyhardhitbydownsizing.AccordingtoastudybytheConferenceBoard,about72percentofcompanieshavefewermiddlemanagerstodaythantheydidfiveyearsago.Onec
4、onsequenceofthistrendisthattoday’smanagerssuperviselargernumbersofsubordinateswhoreportdirectlytothem.In1990,onlyabout20percentofmanagerssupervisetwelveormorepeopleand54percentsupervisedsixorfewer.Becauseofdownsizing,first-linemanagershavehadtoassumegreaterresponsibility
5、fortheworkoftheirdepartments.AtMuratecBusinessSystems,whichmakesfaxmachines,specialistsinqualitycontrol,humanresources,andindustrialengineeringprovideguidanceandsupport.First-linemanagersparticipateintheproductionprocessesandotherlineactivitiesandcoordinatetheeffortsofth
6、especialistsaspartoftheirjobs.Atthesametime,theworkersthatfirst-linemanagerssupervisearelesswillingtoputupwithauthoritarianmanagement.Employeeswanttheirjobstobemorecreative,challenging,fun,andsatisfyingandwanttoparticipateindecisionsaffectingtheirwork.Thusself-managedwor
7、kteamsthatbringworkersandfirst-linemanagerstogethertomakejointdecisionstoimprovethewaytheydotheirjobsofferasolutiontobothsupervisionandemployeeexpectationproblems.Whenyouheartheworddownsizing,youmayassumethatallthepeople“letgo”havelosttheirjobs.However,thatisn’talwaysthe
8、case.Sometimesentiredivisionsofafirmaresimplyspunofffromthemaincompanytooperateontheirownasnew,autonomo
