资源描述：
《从文化视角看习语翻译【毕业论文】》由会员上传分享，免费在线阅读，更多相关内容在学术论文-天天文库。
（20__届）本科毕业设计英语从文化视角看习语翻译OntheViewofCultureinTranslationofIdioms ContentsAbstract......................................................................................................................III1Introduction............................................................................................................11.1TheSourcesofIdioms........................................................................................21.2Idioms,CultureandTranslation.........................................................................22DifferencesinCulturebetweenChineseandEnglishIdioms..………………..32.1DifferencesinReligions....................................................................................42.2DifferencesonValues…………………………………………………………52.3DifferencesinThinkingPatterns.......................................................................62.4DifferencesinSocialRelationships...................................................................72.5DifferencesinCulturalConnotationofVocabulary...........................................73TranslationMethodsofidioms.…………………………………………..……..93.1LiteralTranslation.…………………………………………………………….93.2LiteralTranslationplusAnnotations………………………………………....103.3LiberalTranslation..………………………………………………………….103.4CombinationofLiteralTranslationandLiberalTranslation............................114Conclusion.……………………………………………………………………....11Bibliography..............................................................................................................12Acknowledgements…………………………………………………………………13II 内容摘要习语是一种特殊的语言形式，是某一语言在使用过程中形成的独特的固定的表达方式，承载着不同的民族特色和文化信息，最能体现一个民族的文化。同一句话，不同的文化背景的人反应有时是不同的，甚至会截然相反。究其原因是说话双方没有真正了解对方的文化。英汉两种语言都有着大量习语，因此，加强对英汉习语文化内涵差异的了解和翻译有着重要意义。本文从最能体现中西文化差异的习语着手，简单分析了中英文习语的来源，习语和文化以及习语翻译的关系。通过重点讨论习语在文化上五个方面中所反映的中西文化差异，即宗教文化、价值观、思维方式、社会关系、词语文化内涵，归纳了英文习语翻译的技巧和策略。关键词：习语；文化内涵；中西文化差异；习语翻译；翻译技巧II AbstractIdiomsarespeciallanguageforms.Itisaspecificandstructurallyfixedexpressioninacertainlanguagewhichcarriesalotofinformationandculturalconnotation.Anditisoneofthemostimportantwaystoshowanation’sculture.Differentpeoplefromdifferentculturesmayhavedifferentunderstandingsorreactionstowardsthesamesentence.BothEnglishandChinesearerichinidioms.Therefore,inordertounderstandEnglishidiomsandtranslatethemproperly,itisnecessarytoknowtheculturalconnotationofidiomsandculturaldifferencesbetweenChineseandEnglishidioms.Inthispaper,theauthorwillstartswithanalyzingthesourcesofChineseandEnglishidioms,therelationsbetweenidiomsandculture,idiomsandtranslation.BydiscussingtheculturaldifferencesbetweenEnglishandChineseidiomsinreligions,values,thinkingpatterns,socialrelations,andculturalconnotationinvocabulary,theauthorconcludesthetranslationmethodsandskillsfortranslatingidioms.KeyWords:Idioms;CulturalConnotation;CulturalDifferences;TranslationofIdioms;TranslationMethods II 1IntroductionIdiomsaretheessenceofalanguage,whicharealwaysphilosophicalandeternal.EnglishidiomsandChineseidiomsaregemsofthetwolanguagesaswellasthecrystallizationofthetwonationalcultures.AccordingtothelatestWebster'sNewWorldCollegeDictionary(Sapir99:100)“Idiomisaphrase,constructionorexpressionthatisrecognizedasaunitintheusageofagivenlanguageandeitherdiffersfromtheusualsyntacticpatternsorhasameaningthatdiffersfromtheliteralmeaningofitspartstakentogether.”Thedefinitionshowsthatidiomsareanumberofwords.Fromtheauthor’spointofview,idiomsarenotonlythebridgetolanguagebutalsothemirrortoreflecttheculture.Differentcountriescansharethesamelanguage,however,differentpeoplehavetheirowndialects,thelocalsocialtradition,thenativeconceptsandbeliefs;manyidiomsarejustdevelopedfromsuchspecialculturalbackgrounds.1.1SourceofIdiomsItiswell-knownthatidiomsaremainlyformedorcreatedbypeopleduringtheirdailypractices.Tomuchadegree,theyarethenaturaloutcomeoftheworkingpeople'lifeandexperience.Forexample,"ploughthesands"isactuallyaboutagriculture;"toknowtheropes"isfromnavigation;"neckandneck"isoutofhorseracing;"aliveandkicking"isrelatedtofishing.Inaddition,cultureandreligionarealsothemajorsourcesofEnglishidioms.AlargernumberofEnglishidiomscomefromtheBible,forexample"notknowingsomebodyfromAdam"meanstheonewhoisaperfectstranger.Theidiomlike"outofjoint"isfromthewritingofShakespeare.FromtheGreekmythsthereisanidiom'theAchilles'Heel"whichmeanstheonlydeadlyweakpoint.Thusfromtheaboveexamples,itisnotdifficulttofindoutthatEnglishidiomsarecloselyconnectedwithpeople'scommonlife,literature,religion,ancientlegendsandfables.InChinese,thesourcesofidiomsarecommonlyrelatedtoenvironmentsuchasgeographicalposition,climate,orecologicalcondition.Forexample:二人同心，黄土变金(Whentwopeopleareofthesamemind,evenclaymaybechangedintogold)，上无片瓦，下无寸土(aspoorasachurchmouse).InChineseculture,"eastwind"is"thewindofspring";springiswarmandcolorful,anditisregardedasthebeginningofalllives.TherearemanyidiomsinChina,whichrefertospring:春暖花开(inwarmspring,alltheblossomsareinfullbloom),一年之计在于春(thewholeyear'sworkconsistsinagoodstartinspring).1.2Idioms,CultureandTranslation10 Therelationsbetweenlanguageandculturehavelongbeenclearlyobservedandthoroughlyunderstood.TheAmericanlinguisticprofessorSappierwhohavekickedthebucketsaid:"Therearethingsbehindlanguage.Andlanguagecannotdepartfromculture."Baimaalsosaid:“Thehistoryoflanguageandthehistoryofcultureareincooperationwitheachother.Theynotonlyofferhelptoeachother,butalsoenlighteneachother."Languageisthecarrierofculture.Anylanguagecannotsolelyexistwithoutculture.Varyinglevelsoflifeexperiencesofpeopleleadtovarioussortsofunderstandingsandevaluationsofthephysicalrealityconfrontingthem.Thoseideasandthoughtsaremanifestedinformsoftheircustoms,traditions,religiousbeliefs,andworksofart,whichhelptograduallyshapedistinctiveculturalmodesorculturalorientations.Mostimportantofall,suchculturalmessagesaremostlikelytobecodifiedin,transmittedthrough,andfurtherreinforcedbylanguage,andthatcreatesIdioms.Idiomsareaveryimportantpartofalanguage.Anidiomisaphraseorsentencewhosemeaningisnotclearfromthemeaningofitsindividualwordsandwhichmustbelearntasawhole.Idiomsincludesetphrases,proverbs,truncatedwitticism,colloquialismandslangexpressions;therefore,itisrichinculturalconnotation.BothEnglishandChinesehavequitealonghistory,sobothofthemhavealargenumberofidioms.Idiomsarethecoreandessenceoflanguages.Withoutthemlanguagesmaysounddullandcolorless.Thepersoninacommunitynotonlyhasones'ownlanguage,butalsohasones'ownhabit,ones'ownideology,ones'ownvaluesystem,andones'behaviorrulesandsoon.Thisis"culture".Idiomtranslationplaysanimportantroleintranslation.Itisregardedasthemostimportantandtoughthingintranslationpractice.Becauseidiomsaresaidtobethemoststrikingreflectionofcultureinthatthemeaningofwordsarearbitrary.Itdependsonsomesocialgroupswhohavethesameviewpointsontheirvalues.Itcaneasilybeaffectedbythepermeationofculture.Consequently,swarmsofidiomsareabundantinculturalconnotation.Forlackofagoodknowledgeofcultureofthelanguagetheyarelearning,orinfluencedbyculturalcustomsandculturalmodesintheirownnation,intheprocessofreading,manylanguagelearnersfailtohaveacompletelycorrectunderstandingofwordsofthelanguagetheyhavelearned,whichaffecttheeffectivenessoftheirreading.Fromthistothat,languagelearnerswhomakethewronguseofwordsinwritinganddailycommunication,culturalmisunderstandingandculturalconflictscanalsobeinterpretedbythisreason.2CulturalDifferencesinIdiomsbetweenChineseandEnglishIdiomsCultureisanall-encompassingconcert.Ithasatleasttwosenses.Inanarrowsense,culturemeansintellectualandconceptualculture.Inabroadsense,culturemeanshumanculturein10 contrastwithnature,suchasthesumofanation'scustoms,materialandspiritualproducts,waysofthinkingandsoon.Cultureisacomplexsystem.Asaproductwithitsorigindeeplyrootedinthedevelopmentofman'sculture,languagecanreflectvariousculturalphenomena.Translationisaninterculturalactivity.Therefore,culturaldifferencesshouldbetakenintoconsiderationwhenpeopletranslate.Thesamethingholdstruefortranslatingidioms.TheculturaldifferencesbetweenChineseandEnglishidiomscanbeclassifiedintosixtypes.2.1DifferencesinReligionsReligion,themaincomponentofhumanculture,reflectsdifferentattitudestowardsadmirationandtaboosofeachnation.Ifpeopledonotunderstandreligionandculturalbackgroundduringthetranslation,thetranslationmaynotbeaccurateandproper.Therefore,differentreligiousbeliefscausedbyculturaldifferencesintranslationcannotbeignored.ChinesecultureisdeeplyaffectedbyTaoism,BuddhismandConfucianism,amongwhichtheeffectofBuddhismisthemostinveterate,whileEnglishcultureisgreatlyinfluencedbyChristianity.ThereisnoquestionthatChineseidiomsreflecttheinfluenceofBuddhism,whereasEnglishidiomsarecloselyrelatedtoChristianity.Forinstance,远看菩萨，近看泥巴and平时不烧香，临时抱佛脚aretakenfromBuddhism,while灵丹妙药and回光返照arefromTaoism.“临时抱佛脚”isaverycommonlyusedexpressionsforstudentstouseespeciallybeforetheexams.IdiomsfromtheBibleandChristianityarealsoabundant,suchasathornintheflesh(眼中钉),theforbiddenfruit(禁果),theappleofone’seye(掌上明珠),acovenantofsalt(不可背弃的盟约),girdupone’sloins(准备行动),aspoorasJob/thechurchmouse(家徒四壁),pridegoesbeforeafall(骄兵必败),etc.TheChineseproverb“泥菩萨过江,自身难保”isapparentlyrelatedtoBuddhismwhichwasonceverypopularinChina.Christianityisthedominantreligioninthewest,mainlyEnglish-speakingcountries.HerearesomemoreexamplesrelevanttoChristianity:(1)Whomgodwouldruin,hefirstdeprivesofreason.上帝要毁灭谁，必先夺其理性。(2)Godsendsmeatandthedevilsendscooks.上帝赐给食物，魔鬼派来厨师。(3)Eachcrosshathitsowninscription.每个十字架都有自己的铭文。(4)“Godhelpsthosewhohelpthemselves”.上帝帮助自助的人。(5)“Gotohell”.下地狱去。Thereisonesceneinamoviewhichisaboutajourneyonaship.Duringthetrip,itsufferedastorm,andafterthedisaster,thepassengersfromallovertheworldthankedinvariousways:theChineserepeatthephrase“菩萨保佑”，“阿弥陀佛”whilethewesterners10 say“ThankGoddess”.2.2DifferencesonValuesValuesgenerallyconsideredtobethecoreofthespecificcultureandwayoflife.Valuesintwolanguageswillcausealotofobstaclesforunderstandingandtranslation;therefore,translatorsshouldpayattentiontovaluesindifferentcultures.Example1:Evilistherepresentativeofthefalse，thebadandtheugly.SoidiomsrelatedtoevilinEnglishalwayshavenegativemeanings.However,inChinese,thereisaword“ghost”whichdoesmeanevil，buttheinfluenceofitiscomparativelysmall.Theinfluenceofghostsorspiritsaremuchmorelagerthanthatoftheevil.Ghostsarenotalwaysbadandtheymaybekind,cuteandcleverinChinesepeople’sminds.Example2:Chinesepeoplebelieveinmodesty,andtheyseldomshowoffinfrontofothers.Intheoldtimes,Confuciusenlightenedhisstudentsbysaying,"三人行必有吾师"(Byasking,welearn).Nowadays,westicktothelogionofchairmanMao,"谦虚使人进步，骄傲使人落后"(Bemodest,youwillmakeprogress;Behaughty,youwilldropbehind).Butinwesternculture,self-worthandindependencearestressed.Theyconsidertheindividualsmoreimportantthanthatofsociety.Belowaresomemoreexamples:(1)American:Youdidagoodjob.Chinese:a.That’stheresultofjointefforts.b.There’sstillmuchroomforimprovement.c.No,no,Ididn’tdoitquitewell.(2)Host:Drinksomewine,please.Chinese:No,Idonotwanttodrinkwine.British:Allright.Thankyou.Example3:Mostwesterners(especiallyAmerican)believethateachpersonhashisownindividualidentityandpersonality,whichshouldberecognizedandreinforced.Thecoreofindividualismisthepursuitofpersonalhappinessandachievements.Itishighlyvalued,deeplybelievedandwellappreciatedasafundamentalsocialvirtue.IntheirChristianitytraditions,individualsareimportantnotonlytoeachother,butalsotothesocietyandGod.Individualismhasbeenhandeddownfromtheirancestors----pioneerswhomigratedtotheNewWorldandintendedtoobtainanewlife.Theyneedtosurviveinthenewlandwhichmadethembelieveinindividualism.Onlywhentheindividualcanliveuptohispotentialwillthesocietymoveforward,andthisisthebestwaytoservethesociety.Therefore,toAmericans,individualismisnotselfishnessbutratheravirtue.Thinkingaboutthepoweroftheconceptinsomewordsandsayings:self-control,self-confidence,self-esteem,10 self-reliance,self-respect;“Godhelpsthosewhohelpthemselves”,“Hetravelsthefastest,whotravelsalone’’.Alltheseexpressionsliethemessage:individualachievementandfreedomarethevirtuesthataremostglorified.However,toChinesepeople,theword“individualism”isrelatedtothederogatorymeaningasegoism,whichrepresentsselfishnessinqualityandloosenessindiscipline.IntraditionalChinesebeliefs,especiallyinConfucianism,collectivismisappreciated.A“we”consciousnessprevailsinsteadofan“I”orientation.LookatthemessageofcollectivisminthewordsofConfucius:“Ifonewantstoestablishhimself,heshouldhelpotherstoestablishthemselvesatfirst.”Collectiveculturesemphasizecooperationamonggroupmembersandindividualsuccessisduetothecollectiveeffortofthestaffinaunit,anorganizationoracommunity.ThesacrificeofindividualinterestforthatofthecollectiveisanoblequalityeulogizedsomuchbyChinesepeoplethatbeingmodestandthoughtfulofothersarehighlypraised.Withtheknowledgeofthis,itwillnotbehardforAmericanstounderstandChinesemodesty.2.3DifferencesinThinkingPatternsCulturalisareflectionoftrendoflanguagesandmindsthroughcenturies,anditembodiesthecharacteristicofthinkingpatternsindifferentcountries.ThereisnodoubtthatChineseandEnglishhavetheirownwaysofthinking.Englishspeakerspaymuchmoreattentiontologicwhetheroralspeakingorwriting,andtheydonotexcludedialecticalwayofthinkinginordertoensurethattheirwritingiscompactandwellorganized.However,Chinesewayofwritingisoppositeandtheirwritingisnotwell-knitenough,sosomeforeignersmayeasilymisunderstandtherealmeaningofthewriter.ThedifferenceisthatChinesepeopleprefertospeakin“indirect”way.Thestructurecouldbesketchedoutas:BecauseA,andbecauseB,，andbecauseC,thereforeD.Thereappearstobeawesternpreferenceforadirectpatternincommunication.Forexample,inspeakingorwriting,theChinesetendtofirstlydispersetheirthoughts,andthengatherthem,andfinallyputthemtothestartingpointwhileEnglishpeopleprefertheoppositeway.Theyusuallypresenttheiroptionsfirst.2.4DifferencesinSocialRelationsWeChinesepaymuchattentiontorelationshipsamongpeople.Thekinshiptermsaretypicalexamples.AstheresultofthelonghistoryofthepatriarchalsystemChinesewordsindicatingrelativerelationshipsarericherthanthoseinEnglish.Fromtheviewpointofsociolinguistics,formsofaddressingcanserveasanindicationof10 therelationshipofpowerandsolidarityinthesociety.Incallingtheirsuperiorsorelders,theChineseareaccustomedtothenonreciprocalorasymmetricaladdressing.Inotherwords,theyuse“title+surname”toaddresstheirsuperiorsoreldersratherthancallthemsurnames,whilethesuperiororelderscalltheaddresserstheirnames.TheChinesetendtoabidebythepoliteprincipleofdepreciatingoneselfandrespectingotherstoshowappropriaterespectstowardsthepersonsbeingaddressed,otherwise,theaddressermaybeconsideredasillmannered,illeducatedorrude.ButinEnglishspeakingcountries,peoplehaveatendencytofollowthereciprocalorsymmetricaladdressing.Althoughtheyaredifferentinageandstatus,theycancalltheotherdirectly,namely,theirnames,evenfirstnamesexceptwhentheycallthedoctors,notarousingoffencebetweenthem,butdemonstratingthesenseofintimacyandtheconceptionof“Everyoneiscreatedequal”.Foeexample,“sixfeetofearthmakeallmanequal”（六尺之地，人人平等）；“weareallAdam’schildren”（人人都是亚当的孩子）；“acatmaylookataKing”（猫儿亦能平视国王）；“It'snoneofyourbusiness”（与你无关）；“Mindyourownbusiness”（管好自己的事）；“Agoodfencemakesagoodneighbors”（好围墙造就好邻居）.Generallyspeaking,therearetwotypesoffamiliesinfamilystructure.“Extendedfamilyismembersofthreeormoregenerations,relatedbybloodormarriage,whichlivetogetherornearoneanother.”(Zanden:347)“Nuclearfamilyisconsistingofahusband,wifeandtheirdependentchildrenlivinginahomeoftheirown.Thedefiningcharacteristicofthenuclearfamilyisindependence.”(Zanden:347)Traditionally,Americanfamilyhasbeenanuclearfamilyconsistingofahusband,wife,andtheirchildren,livinginahouseoranapartment.Grandparentsrarelyliveinthesameplacewiththeirmarriedsonsanddaughters,andunclesandauntsmostneverdo.Incontract,extendedfamilyhasbeenthenorminChinesesociety.2.5DifferencesinCulturalConnotationofWordsLanguageis,toacertaindegree,justliketheairpeoplebreathe.Withoutair,peoplecan'tliveanymore.But,it'salwaysdifficultforpeopletoperceivetheexistenceofair.Likewise,people'slifeisboundupwithlanguage.Veryoftenpeopletakeitforgrantedandarehardlyconsciousofitsculturalimplicationsorvalueswhichconstituteapotentialshapingforcefortheminds.Languageisintimatelyassociatedwithcultureandthetwocannotbedivided.Wordsinlanguagearethemostoutstandingreflectionofcultureandembodythesocialculturalfeaturesofanationtothefull.Therefore,alargenumberofwordspossessspecificculturalmessages.Asfaraslanguagelearnersareconcerned,iftheydon'thaveagoodknowledgeofthespecificculturalconnotationofwords,theymayfailtohaveathorough10 understandingofandmakethecorrectuseofthosewords,nottomentionhowtomaketheappropriateuseoflanguage.Anylanguagehasprofoundculturalconnotation.Eachlanguageasaculturalcarriercorrespondstocertainspecificculture.But,wordsinlanguagearesaidtobethemoststrikingreflectionofcultureinthatthemeaningofwordsarearbitrary.Itdependsonsomesocialgroupswhohavethesameviewpointsontheirvalues.Itcaneasilybeaffectedbythepermeationofculture.Consequently,swarmsofwordsareabundantinculturalconnotation.Forlackofagoodknowledgeofcultureofthelanguagetheyarelearning,orinfluencedbyculturalcustomsandculturalmodesintheirownnation,intheprocessofreading,manylanguagelearnersfailtohaveacompletelycorrectunderstandingofwordsofthelanguagetheyhavelearned,whichaffecttheeffectivenessoftheirreading.InChineseculture,“fish”isequallyregardedas“surplus”,symbolizingrichness.Asisknowntoall,thetwoChinesecharacter“鱼”and“余”havethesamepronunciation“yu”.Sowheneverhappyfestivalcomes,theremustbeadishoffishonthetable,symbolizingtheprosperity,wealthandhealthofthefamily.ManyChinesefamiliesprefertohangthepaper“年年有余”onthedoorduringthespringfestival.Belowaresomeexamplesrelatedtofish:①如鱼得水Tofeeljustlikefishinwater;tobeinone'selement②鱼水深情Deepfeelingbetweenfishandwater③沉鱼落雁Exceedinglybeautiful④临渊羡鱼，不如退而结网Itisbettertogobackandmakeanetthantostandontheedgeofapoolandidlylongforfish.However,theculturalconnotationoffishinEnglishisquitedifferent.InEnglish,becausethefishcontainsthederogatorysensecolorso,itisgenerallyusedfordescribingthepersonwhodoesnothaveanypopularity,forexample:①aloosefish放荡之人②acoldfish古怪之人③adullfish言语乏味之人④apoorfish倒霉而易上当之人Inaddition,therearelotsofidiomscomingfromthehistoricalallusion.Forexample，“东施效颦”,whichisfrom(庄子.天运)andnowitmeansimitatingsomebodystupidly.“名落孙山”whichreferstoapersonwhofailsintheexamandisnotenrolled.“叶公好龙”meansapersonwhoprofessedloveofwhatonereallyfears..MostEnglishallusionscomefromthe10 BibleandtheGreekRomanMyth.Forinstance,“Achilles’heel"(阿基里斯的脚后跟，指唯一致命弱点);“meetsone’swaterloo"(一败涂地);“aPandora’sbox”(潘多拉之盒，指灾难，麻烦，祸害的根源);“Penelope’sweb’’(铂涅罗铂的织物，指反来复去永无结果);“crocodile’stears”(鳄鱼的眼泪),itisjustliketheChineseIdiom“猫哭老鼠假慈悲”.ChineseidiomscarrymorehistoricalcolorandliteraryallusionsthanEnglishidiomsdo.3TranslationMethodsofIdiomsTranslationisanart,abilingualart,whichisconsideredastheculturalbridgeandmediabetweentwolanguages.Asthereexistwidedifferencesinculture,vocabularyandsyntax,betweenorientalandoccidentallanguages.Translationisnoeasyjob,especiallythetranslationofEnglishidioms.Therefore,inordertokeepthefeaturesoforiginalEnglishidiomsandmeettheneedsofalltheChinesereaders,translatingskillsshouldbeproperlyemployedinthetranslatingprocess.BelowarethefourtranslatingmethodsandskillswhichcouldbeappliedinthetranslationofEnglishidioms.3.1LiteralTranslationLiteraltranslation,knownasword-for-wordtranslationaswellasdirecttranslation,isawaytotranslatetheoriginalEnglishidiominexactaccordancewiththeChineselanguageintheformofvocabulary,grammaticalstructureandrhetoricaldevice.Inlightofidiomtranslation,literaltranslationcankeeptheoriginalformofEnglishidioms,anditwillnotcauseanyconfusioninthemeaning.Inaddition,iteffectivelyconveystheoriginalculturalinformationandnarrowsthegapsbetweentwolanguages.ThemostimportantistokeepthefullflavorofEnglishidioms.Forexample,"don'tthrowcoldwateronnewlyemergingthings".TranslationA:不要给新生事物泼冷水TranslationB:不要反对新生事物EvidentlyTranslationAisbetterthanTranslationBbecauseitkeepstheflavoroftheoriginalsentence,fortheEnglishidiom"throwcoldwater"and“泼冷水”inChineseareperfectlyequivalent.TranslationBcannotexpresstheoriginalmeaningaccurately.3.2LiteralTranslationplusAnnotationsAlthoughagoodliteraltranslationcanenableChinesereaderstohaveabetterunderstandingofEnglishidioms,duetotheculturaldifferences,inmanycasestheliteraltranslationwithoutanynoteswillmakereaderspuzzledandcausemisunderstanding.Therefore,thiskindoftranslatingskillmaysolvetheproblem.Forexample,"asAmericanasanapplepie"(像苹果派一样是典型的美国式的)。Astothisversion,Chinesereadersmightbeconfused,soanotemustbeadded.10 [注：苹果馅饼是美国人最喜爱的甜食之一，据说是美国人发明的，因此短语常用来强调某种真正的美国式的]Withthenote,Chinesereaderswouldunderstandtheidiomsbetter.Anotherexample:TheAchilles'heeloftheAustralianeconomytodayisthat,althoughitsstructureisgearedtointernationallytrade,itsparticipationintradehasdeclined.澳大利亚今天经济中的阿克留斯的脚后跟是：虽然它在不断参与世界贸易，但是它在世界贸易中的地位已下降。(注："theAchilles'heel"这个典故来源于史诗，阿克留斯全身刀枪不入，唯有脚后跟未受到保护，而后用来指唯一致命的弱点)3.3LiberalTranslationLiberaltranslationconveysthecontentandspiritoftheoriginalfilmtitleswithoutstickingtotheformtightly.Whentranslatingidioms,it'shardtocontaintheirliterarymeaningsandimagesbecauseoftheculturalinfluence.Soitisbettertotransfertheoriginalimagetoanotheronefamiliartothereaderssoastoconveytheoriginalmeaningbytranslatingtheirhiddensignificances.InEnglish,onemaysay,"I'mtoooldadogtolearnnewtricks".However,inChina,noonewantstobecalledas"狗"Therefore,thesentencemaybebettertobeputintothetranslationas"我上了年纪，学不会了".Similarly,theword"dog"inthefollowingsentencescannotbetranslatedword-for-word."topdog"means"有权势的富人",and"underdog"means“受压迫的穷人”.Anotherexamplecommonlyknownis"wheninRome，doastheRomansdo".TranslationA:在罗马，要做罗马人做的事。TranslationB：入乡随俗TranslationAemploysliteraltranslationwhileTranslationBusesliberaltranslation.IfpeopleadoptTranslationA,readerswillfeelpuzzledwhyit'sinRomeinsteadofanyotherplacesthatweshoulddoso.Actually,itshiddenmeaningis“入乡随俗”.Thereareafewmoreexamplesasfollows:(1)Acatonhotbricks热锅上的蚂蚁(2)Achilles'heel唯一致命的弱点(3)Aweblanket扫兴的人或事Duringthetranslation,it'sbetterifthetranslatorscanfindtheChineseidiomsverysimilartotheoriginalincontent,aswellasform.Theycanborrowthesynonymousidiomstoexpress,becausealthoughsometimestheyarenotexactlyinthesameimages,theirbasicmeaningsaresame.(1)Strikewhiletheironishot.趁热打铁(2)Giveadogabadnameandhanghim.欲加之罪何患无辞(3)Pouroilontheflame火上浇油(4)Giveadogabadnameandhanghim.欲加之罪，何患无辞10 (4)Birdsofafeatherflocktogether.物以类聚，人以群分(5)Amongtheblindtheone-eyedmanisking.山上无老虎，猴子称霸王3.4CombinationofLiteralTranslationandLiberalTranslationAttimes,it'snotagoodwaytotranslateidiomsonlywithliterarytranslationorlibrarytranslation,becauseneithercouldhavetheidealtranslation.Andneithermayleadtotheboringfeelingofreadingandtransfertheoriginalmeaningineffectively.EvenliberaltranslationbeyondlimitwilldamagethefaithfulnessofEnglishidioms.Tosurmountthisobstacle,thecombinationofliteralandliberaltranslationmaybeemployed.Forexample:(1)carrycoalstoNewcastlemeans多此一举，白费力气或时间。Theyhaveabiggarden,youknow,totakethemflowersistocarrycoalstoNewcastle.你知道，他们有个大花园，给他们带花简直是往煤区送碳—多此一举。(2)她单身一个人，无亲无故。Thisgirlwasallbyherselfandfarfromhome,withoutasinglerelativeorfriendtohelpher.(3)王冕一路风餐露宿，九十里大站，70里小站，一径来到山东济南府地方。Bravingthewindanddew,WangMiantraveleddayafterdaypastlargepoststationsandsmall,tillhecametothecityofJinan.4ConclusionIdiomsareaveryimportantpartofanylanguage.Eachidiombearsanimageandafigurativemeaning.BothEnglishandChineseidiomsembodyrichcultures,andsharesimilaritiesbutmoreimportantlytheyhaveculturaldifferences.ThereforeobtainingnecessaryknowledgeofculturaldifferencesisindispensabletothetranslationofEnglishidioms.Thethesismainlydiscussesfourmethodsoftranslationappliedtoidioms.Asfortranslators,theymustchoosethepropertranslationmethodsaccordingtothespecificcontextorsituation.Thisisespeciallyimportanttotranslationofidioms.Withaccurateandgoodtranslationofidioms,peoplewillhavelessmisunderstandingwitheachotherintheprocessofcrossculturalcommunication.BibliographyAlbertG.2005.ChristianityandWesternCulture[M].Beijing:PekingUniversityPress.Bassneet,Susan.1988.TranslationStudies(RevisedEdition)[M].MethuuenCo.Ltd.Dueing,S.(ed.)1993.TheCulturalStudiesReader[M].London:Routledge.10 Feldspar,R.1995.AnencyclopedicDictionaryofChinese-EnglishandEnglish-ChineseTranslation[M].HongKong:ChineseUniversityPress.George,Steiner.AfterBabel.1975.AspectsofLanguageandTranslation[M].Newmark,P.P.1982.ApproachestoTranslation[M].Pergamon,Oxford.Nida,EugeneA.1993.Language,cultureandTranslation[M].上海：上海外语教育出版社。Sapir,Edward.1921.Language[M].NewYork:Harcout,Brace.Williams,R.1963.CultureandSociety[M].Harmondsworth:Penguin.Zanden,James.1990.TheSocialExperience,3rded[M].OxfordUniversity,陈文伯,1982，英语成语与汉语成语[M]。北京:外语教学与研究出版社。邓炎昌,刘润清，1989，语言与文化———英汉语言与文化对比[M]。北京:外语教学与研究出版社。侯宁海,2001，英语习语大典[M]。合肥:中国科学技术大学出版社。蒋磊,2001（2），英汉习语的文化差异溯源[J]，河南财政税务高等专科学校学报。马祖毅,1980，英译汉技巧浅谈[M]。南京:江苏人民出版社。平洪、张国扬，1999，英语习语与英美文化[M]。胡文仲,主编：北京外语教学与研究出版社。吴柱存,1980，动力,目的,方法[A]。中央广播电视大学汇编。英语专题讲座[C]。北京:冶金工业出版社。王秉钦，1995，文化翻译学。[M]。天津：南开大学出版社。王学英、张会，2005，汉英英汉习语大全[M]。清华大学出版社。游桂兰,2003，（16），英语习语与历史发展[J]，高等函授学报。於奇,2003，世界习语文化研究[M]。郑州:大象出版社。谢金良,1986，西方文学典故词典[M]。北京:中国展望出版社。张培基等,2000，英汉翻译教程[M]。台北:书林。张培基,喻云根,李宗杰等，1980，英汉翻译教程[z]。上海:上海外国语学院印刷厂。AcknowledgementsManypeoplehavemadeinvaluablecontributions,bothdirectlyandindirectlytomyresearch.Iwouldliketoexpressmywarmestgratitudetomysupervisor,forherinstructivesuggestionsandvaluablecommentsonthewritingofthisthesis.Withoutherinvaluablehelpandgenerousencouragement,thepresentthesiswouldnothavebeenaccomplished.Besides,IamalsogratefultoJiaxingUniversitythathasprovidedmeachanceofthisstudy.Finally,Igreatlyappreciatemyparents’endlesslove.Myheartswellswithgratitudetoallthepeoplewhohelpedme.10
