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1、ExploringtheRelationshipbetweenTransferandInputintheAcquisitionoftheSpanishPassives12JoyceBruhndeGaravitoandElenaValenzuela12TheUniversityofWesternOntarioandMcGillUniversity/McMasterUniversity1.IntroductionThedifferencebetweenadjectivalandverbalpassiveshasbeenexploredsincethe1970s(Waso
2、w1977;LevinandRappaport1986,amongothers).InSpanish,verbalpassivestakethecopulaserandadjectivalpassivestakethecopulaestar.Schmitt(1992),Lema(1992)andLuján(1981)havesuggestedthatthedifferencebetweenthetwocopularverbsinSpanish,serandestar,isaspectual.AccordingtoSchmitt,serisunmarkedforasp
3、ectandderivesitsaspectualinterpretationfromthetypeofpredicate.Estar,incontrast,representstheresultstateofanaccomplishmentverb,whichcorrespondsverycloselytowhatanadjectivalpassiveis.Itisnotsurprising,therefore,thatthetwotypesofpassivesarerealizedwiththetwodifferentcopulas.Onlyrecentlyha
4、stheacquisitionofthetwocopulasbeenstudiedsystematically(VanPatten1985;1987;Geeslin2001;2002a;2002b).Althoughnotstudiedsofar,theacquisitionofthetwopassivesconstitutesaninterestingproblemforlearnabilityinrelationtosecondlanguages.Inthefirstplace,thetwotypesofpassiveexistinmostlanguages,i
5、ncludingEnglish.ThisshouldgivethelearnersanadvantagewhenacquiringthepassivesinSpanish.However,inSpanishthedistinctionisencodedintwodifferentverbswhicharenotoriouslydifficulttomaster,inparticularbecausemanyadjectivesandparticiplesoftenappearwitheitherone.Ashasbeennotedsincethe1960s(Stoc
6、kwell,BowenandMartin1965;SchwartzandSprouse1997)adistinctionthatexistsinonelanguagebutnotinanothermaybeverydifficulttoacquire.Thispaperwillreportontheresultsofanexperimentthatexplorestherelationshipbetweenknowledgeofthetwocopularverbs,whoseunderlyingaspectualpropertiesthelearnerhastode
7、rivefromtheinput,andthepossibilityoftransferoftheunderlyingpropertiesofthepassive.Weassumethatifthelearnerhasacquiredtheaspectualdifferencebetweenthetwocopulass/hewillbeabletoapplythistotheexpressionofthepassive.Wethereforetestedknowledgeofserandestarbyexaminingtheiracceptancewithdif
