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1、Chapter9EugeneNidaPRINCIPLESOFCORRESPONDENCESINCENOTWOlanguagesareidentical,eitherinthemeaningsgiventocorrespondingsymbolsorinthewaysinwhichsuchsymbolsarearrangedinphrasesandsentences,itstandstoreasonthattherecanbenoabsolutecorrespondencebetweenlanguages.Hencetherecanb
2、enofullyexacttranslations.Thetotalimpactofatranslationmaybereasonablyclosetotheoriginal,buttherecanbenoidentityindetail.ConstanceB.West(1932:344)clearlystatestheproblem:“Whoevertakesuponhimselftotranslatecontractsadebt;todischargeit,hemustpaynotwiththesamemoney,butthes
3、amesum.”Onemustnotimaginethattheprocessoftranslationcanavoidacertaindegreeofinterpretationbythetranslator.Infact,asD.G.Rossettistatedin1874(Fang1953),“Atranslationremainsperhapsthemostdirectformofcommentary.”DifferenttypesoftranslationsNostatementoftheprinciplesofcorre
4、spondenceintranslatingcanbecompletewithoutrecognizingthemanydifferenttypesoftranslations(HerbertP.Phillips1959).Traditionally,wehavetendedtothinkintermsoffreeorparaphrastictranslationsascontrastedwithcloseorliteralones.Actually,therearemanymoregradesoftranslatingthanth
5、eseextremesimply.Thereare,forexample,suchultraliteraltranslationsasinterlinears;whileothersinvolvehighlyconcordantrelationships,e.g.thesamesource-languagewordisalwaystranslatedbyone—andonlyone—receptor-languageword.Stillothersmaybequitedevoidofartificialrestrictionsinf
6、orm,butneverthelessmaybeovertraditionalandevenarchaizing.1964PRINCIPLESOFCORRESPONDENCE127Sometranslationsaimatverycloseformalandsemanticcorrespondence,butaregenerouslysuppliedwithnotesandcommentary.Manyarenotsomuchconcernedwithgivinginformationaswithcreatinginthereade
7、rsomethingofthesamemoodaswasconveyedbytheoriginal.Differencesintranslationscangenerallybeaccountedforbythreebasicfactorsintranslating:(1)thenatureofthemessage,(2)thepurposeorpurposesoftheauthorand,byproxy,ofthetranslator,and(3)thetypeofaudience.Messagesdifferprimarilyi
8、nthedegreetowhichcontentorformisthedominantconsideration.Ofcourse,thecontentofamessagecanneverbecompletelyabstractedf
