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1、1PoliticsasaVocationMaxWeberTHISlecture,whichIgiveatyourrequest,willnecessarilydisappointyouinanumberofways.Youwillnaturallyexpectmetotakeapositiononactualproblemsoftheday.Butthatwillbethecaseonlyinapurelyformalwayandtowardtheend,whenIshallraisecertainquestionsconc
2、erningthesignificanceofpoliticalactioninthewholewayoflife.Intoday'slecture,allquestionsthatrefertowhatpolicyandwhatcontentoneshouldgiveone'spoliticalactivitymustbeeliminated.Forsuchquestionshavenothingtodowiththegeneralquestionofwhatpoliticsasavocationmeansandwhati
3、tcanmean.Nowtooursubjectmatter.Whatdoweunderstandbypolitics?Theconceptisextremelybroadandcomprisesanykindofindependentleadershipinaction.Onespeaksofthecurrencypolicyofthebanks,ofthediscountingpolicyoftheReichsbank,ofthestrikepolicyofatradeunion;onemayspeakoftheeduc
4、ationalpolicyofamunicipalityoratownship,ofthepolicyofthepresidentofavoluntaryassociation,and,finally,evenofthepolicyofaprudentwifewhoseekstoguideherhusband.Tonight,ourreflectionsare,ofcourse,notbaseduponsuchabroadconcept.Wewishtounderstandbypoliticsonlytheleadershi
5、p,ortheinfluencingoftheleadership,ofapoliticalassociation,hencetoday,ofastate.Butwhatisa'political'associationfromthesociologicalpointofview?Whatisa'state'?Sociologically,thestatecannotbedefinedintermsofitsends.Thereisscarcelyanytaskthatsomepoliticalassociationhasn
6、ottakeninhand,andthereisnotaskthatonecouldsayhasalwaysbeenexclusiveandpeculiartothoseassociationswhicharedesignatedaspoliticalones:todaythestate,orhistorically,thoseassociationswhichhavebeenthepredecessorsofthemodernstate.Ultimately,onecandefinethemodernstatesociol
7、ogicallyonlyintermsofthespecificmeanspeculiartoit,astoeverypoliticalassociation,namely,theuseofphysicalforce.'Everystateisfoundedonforce,'saidTrotskyatBrest-Litovsk.Thatisindeedright.Ifnosocialinstitutionsexistedwhichknewtheuseofviolence,thentheconceptof'state'woul
8、dbeeliminated,andaconditionwouldemergethatcouldbedesignatedas'anarchy,'inthespecificsenseofthisword.Ofcourse,forceiscertainlynotthenormalortheonl