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1、Neuropsychologia45(2007)13051317Roleoftheamygdalaindecisionsunderambiguityanddecisionsunderrisk:EvidencefrompatientswithUrbach-WiethediseaseMatthiasBranda,∗,FabianGrabenhorsta,KatrinStarckea,MarieM.P.Vandekerckhovea,b,c,HansJ.MarkowitschaaDepartmentofPhysiologicalPsycho
2、logy,UniversityofBielefeld,Bielefeld,GermanybDepartmentofPsychology,UniversityofAntwerpen,Antwerpen,BelgiumcDepartmentofMedicine,UniversityofAntwerpen,Antwerpen,BelgiumReceived30January2006;receivedinrevisedform22September2006;accepted27September2006Availableonline27Oct
3、ober2006AbstractVariousneuropsychologicalstudieshaveshownthatdecision-makingdeficitscanoccurinawiderangeofpatientswithbraindamageordysfunctions.Decisionsunderambiguity,asmeasuredwiththeIowaGamblingTask,primarilydependontheintegrityoftheventromedialprefrontalcortexandthea
4、mygdala,aswellasonfurtherbrainregionssuchasthesomatosensorycortex.However,littleisknownaboutthespecificroleofthesestructuresindecisionsunderriskmeasuredwithtasksthatofferexplicitrulesforgainsandlossesandwinningprobabilities,forexample,theGameofDiceTask.Weaimedtoinvestiga
5、tethepotentialroleoftheamygdalafordecisionsunderrisk.Forthispurpose,weexaminedthreepatientswithUrbach-Wiethediseaseararesyndromeassociatedwithselectivebilateralmineralisationoftheamygdalae.NeuropsychologicalperformancewasassessedwiththeIowaGamblingTask(decisionsunderamb
6、iguity),theGameofDiceTask(decisionsunderrisk),andanextensiveneuropsychologicaltestbatteryfocussingonexecutivefunctions.Furthermore,previousstudiesfoundrelationshipsbetweengeneratingskinconductanceresponsesanddecidingadvantageouslyintheIowaGamblingTask.Accordingly,wereco
7、rdedskinconductanceresponsesduringbothdecisiontasksasameasureofemotionalreactivity.Resultsindicatethatpatientswithselectiveamygdaladamagehavelowerscoresinbothdecisionsunderambiguityanddecisionsunderrisk.Decisionsunderriskareespeciallycompromisedinpatientswhoalsodemonstr
8、atedeficitsinexecutivefunctioning.Inbothgamblingtasks,patientsshowedreducedskinconductanceresponsescomparedtohe
