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1、Chapter8LanguageandSociety1.Howislanguagerelatedtosociety?答：Therearemanyindicationsoftheinter-relationshipbetweenlanguageandsociety.Oneofthemisthatwhilelanguageisprincipallyusedtocommunicatemeaning,itisalsousedtoestablishandmaintainsocialrelationships.Thi
2、ssocialfunctionoflanguageisembodiedintheuseofsuchutterancesas“Goodmorning!”,“Hi!”,“How'syourfamily?”,“Nicedaytoday,isn'tit?”.Anotherindicationisthatusersofthesamelanguageinasenseallspeakdifferently.Thekindoflanguageeachofthemchoosestouseisinpartdetermined
3、byhissocialbackground.Andlanguage,initsturn,revealsinformationaboutitsspeaker.Whenwespeak,wecannotavoidgivingcluestoourlistenersaboutourselves.Thentosomeextent,language,especiallythestructureofitslexicon,reflectsboththephysicalandthesocialenvironmentsofas
4、ociety.ForexamplewhilethereisonlyonewordinEnglishfor“snow”,thereareseveralinEskimo.ThisisareflectionoftheneedfortheEskimostomakedistinctionsbetweenvariouskindsofsnowintheirsnowylivingenvironment.Asasocialphenomenonlanguageiscloselyrelatedtothestructureoft
5、hesocietyinwhichitisused,andtheevaluationofalinguisticformisentirelysocial.Toalinguist,alllanguageformsandaccentsareequallygoodasfarastheycanfulfillthecommunicativefunctionstheyareexpectedtofulfill.Therefore,judgmentsconcerningthecorrectnessandpurityoflin
6、guisticvarietiesaresocialratherthanlinguistic.Acaseinpointistheuseofthepostvocalic[r].WhileinEnglishaccentswithoutpostvocalic[r]areconsideredtobemorecorrectthanaccentswithit,inNewYorkcity,accentswithpostvocalic[r]enjoysmoreprestigeandareconsideredmorecorr
7、ectthanwithoutit.2.Explainwithanexamplethattheevaluationoflanguageissocialratherthanlinguistic.答：Theevaluationoflanguageissocialratherthanlinguistic.Thisisbecauseeverylanguageorlanguagevarietycanexpressallideasthatitsnativespeakerswanttoexpress.Thatistosa
8、y,languageandlanguagevarietyareequalinexpressingmeaning.Forexample,themuch-prejudicedBlackEnglishcanbeusedbytheblackpeopletocommunicatewitheachotherwithoutfeelinganyhindrance.ButmanyotherpeoplethinkBlackEnglishisnot
