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1、TheCivilRightsMovementintheUnitedStatesTheCivilRightsMovementintheUnitedStateshasbeenalong,primarilynonviolentstruggletobringfullcivilrightsandequalityunderthelawtoallAmericans.ThemovementhashadalastingimpactonUnitedStatessociety,initstactics,theincreasedsocialandlegalacceptanceofc
2、ivilrights,andinitsexposureoftheprevalenceandcostofracism.TheAmericanCivilRightsmovementhasbeenmadeupofmanymovements.Thetermusuallyreferstothepoliticalstrugglesandreformmovementsbetween1945and1970toenddiscriminationagainstAfricanAmericansandtoendlegalracialsegregation,especiallyint
3、heU.S.South.Thisarticlefocusesonanearlierphaseofthestruggle.TwoUnitedStatesSupremeCourtdecisions—Plessyv.Ferguson,163U.S.537(1896),whichupheld"separatebutequal"racialsegregationasconstitutionaldoctrine,andBrownv.BoardofEducation,347U.S.483(1954)whichoverturnedPlessy—serveasmileston
4、es.Thiswasaneraofstopsandstarts,inwhichsomemovements,suchasMarcusGarvey'sUniversalNegroImprovementAssociation,achievedgreatsuccessbutleftlittlelastinglegacy,whileothers,suchastheNAACP'spainstakinglegalassaultonstate-sponsoredsegregation,achievedmodestresultsinitsearlyyearsbutmadest
5、eadyprogressonvoterrightsandgraduallybuilttoakeyvictoryinBrownv.BoardofEducation.AftertheCivilWar,theU.S.expandedthelegalrightsofAfricanAmericans.Congresspassed,andenoughstatesratified,anamendmentendingslaveryin1865—the13thAmendmenttotheUnitedStatesConstitution.Thisamendmentonlyout
6、lawedslavery;itdidnotprovideequalrights,norcitizenship.In1868,the14thAmendmentwasratifiedbythestates,grantingAfricanAmericanscitizenship.BlackpersonsbornintheU.S.wereextendedequalprotectionunderthelawsoftheConstitution.The15thAmendmentwasratifiedin(1870),whichstatedthatracecouldnot
7、beusedasaconditiontodeprivemenoftheabilitytovote.DuringReconstruction(1865-1877),NortherntroopsoccupiedtheSouth.TogetherwiththeFreedmen'sBureau,theytriedtoadministerandenforcethenewconstitutionalamendments.Manyblackleaderswereelectedtolocalandstateoffices,andothersorganizedcommunit
8、ygroups.Reconstructionende
