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1、THECOGNITIVEPSYCHOLOGYOFKNOWLEDGEADVANCESINPSYCHOLOGY101Editors:G.E.STELMACHP.A.VROONNORTH-HOLLANDAMSTERDAMLONDONNEWYORKTOKYOTHECOGNITIVEPSYCHOLOGYOFKNOWLEDGEEditedbyGERHARDSTRUBEAlbertLudwigUniversityFreihurg,GermanyKARLF.WENDERUniversityofTrierTrier,Germany19
2、93NORTH-HOLLANDAMSTERDAM*LONDONNEWYORKTOKYONORTH-HOLLANDELSEVIERSCIENCEPUBLISHERSB.V.SaraBurgerhartstraat25P.O.Box211.1000AEAmsterdam,TheNetherlandsISBN:044489942I01993ELSEVIERSCIENCEPUBLISHERSB.V.Allrightsreserved.Nopartofthispublicationmaybereproduced,storedi
3、naretrievalsystemortransmittedinanyformorbyanymeans,electronic,mechanical,photocopying,recordingorotherwise,withoutthepriorwrittenpermissionofthepublisher,ElsevierSciencePublishersB.V.,Copyright&PermissionsDepartment,P.O.Box521,1000AMAmsterdam,TheNetherlands.Sp
4、ecialregulationsforreadersintheU.S.A.-ThispublicationhasbeenregisteredwiththeCopyrightClearanceCenterInc.(CCC),Salem,Massachusetts.InformationcanbeobtainedfromtheCCCaboutconditionsunderwhichphotocopiesofpartsofthispublicationmaybemadeintheU.S.A.Allothercopyrigh
5、tquestions,includingphotocopyingoutsideoftheU.S.A.,shouldhereferredtothecopyrightowner,ElsevierSciencePublishersB.V.,unlessotherwisespecified.Noresponsibilityisassumedbythepublisherforanyinjuryand/ordamagetopersonsorpropertyasamatterofproductsliahility,negligen
6、ceorotherwise,orfromanyuseoroperationofanymethods,products,instructionsorideascontainedinthematerialherein.pp.263-284:CopyrightnottransferredThisbookisprintedonacid-freepaper.PrintedinTheNetherlandsPREFACEKnowledgehasnotbeenalong-standingtechnicalterminthehisto
7、ryofpsychology.Rather,experimentalpsychologistshavebeenconcernedwithtechniquesofconditioningandlearning,withthemechanismsofverbalmemory,orwithconceptualdevelopment,logicandproblemsolving.When,earlyintheseventies,knowledgestartedtoappearinthetitlesofpsychol-ogic
8、alarticles,itbecameheirtoallthosementionedabove:learningandmemory,concepts,inference,andstrategies.Intheoriesofcognitivedevelopment,knowledgebegantorivalPiagetiantheory,aswe