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1、OntologicalSemanticsbySergeiNirenburgandVictorRaskinDraft:DoNotQuoteorDistributePage5PrefaceThisbookintroducesontologicalsemantics,acomprehensiveapproachtothetreatmentoftextmeaningbycomputer.Ontologicalsemanticsisanintegratedcomplexoftheories,methodologies
2、,descriptionsandimplementations.Inontologicalsemantics,atheoryisviewedasasetofstate-mentsdeterminingtheformatofdescriptionsofthephenomenawithwhichthetheorydeals.Atheoryisassociatedwithamethodologyusedtoobtainthedescriptions.Implementationsarecomputersystem
3、sthatusethedescriptionstosolvespecificproblemsintextprocessing.Imple-mentationsofontologicalsemanticsarecombinedwithotherprocessingsystemstoproduceapplications,suchasinformationextractionormachinetranslation.Thetheoryofontologicalsemanticsisbuiltasasociety
4、ofmicrotheoriescoveringsuchdiversegroundasspecificlanguagephenomena,worldknowledgeorganization,processingheuristicsandissuesrelatingtoknowledgerepresentationandimplementationsystemarchitecture.Thetheorybrieflysketchedaboveisatop-levelmicrotheory,theontolog
5、icalsemanticstheoryperse.Descriptionsinontologicalsemanticsincludetextmeaningrepresentations,lexicalentries,onto-logicalconceptsandinstancesaswellasproceduresformanipulatingtextsandtheirmeanings.Methodologiesinontologicalsemanticsaresetsoftechniquesandinst
6、ructionsforacquiringandmanipulatingknowledgeaswellasforrunningspecificapplications.Ontologicalsemanticsisnotafinishedproduct.Itisconstantlyevolving:newimplementationsaredevelopedinresponsetoneedsforenhancedcoverageandutility.Somesuchneedsarisefromtheintern
7、allogicofthefield;someothersareduetotherequirementsofpracticalapplications.Inanycase,ontologicalsemanticsisdrivenbythenecessitytomakethemeaningmanipulationtasks,suchastextanalysis,textgenerationandreasoningovertextmeaningrepresentations,work.Asaresult,oura
8、pproachplacesnopremiumonusingasinglemethod,engineorformalismindevelopingtheproceduresthemselvesoracquiringthedatathatsupportthem.Instead,ontolog-icalsemanticsdevelopsasetofheterogeneousmethodssuitedtoaparticu