心理学 Psychological Learning Behavior

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1、LEARNINGnLearning:AnyrelativelypermanentchangeinbehaviororknowledgeproducedbyexperiencenClassicalconditioning:AKA:PavlovianCond;RespondentCond.ndiscoveredinearly1900'sbyIvanPavlov,aRussianphysiologistnPavlov'sprocedureconsistedof3phases:nphase1(beforeconditioning)nFoodinmouthðsaliva

2、tionnRingabellðnosalivationnphase2(theprocessofconditioning):nringbell+placefoodinmouth(repeatseveraltimes)nphase3(afterconditioning):nringbell(withoutfood)ðsalivationUCS(food)UCR(salivation)CS(bell)CR(salivation)nDosalivatingdogshaveanythingtodowithYOURlife?ne.g.,acquisitionofphobi

3、asandconditionedemotionalresponsesnFreud:nCCmodel:UCS(dogbite)UCR(fear)CS(sightofdog)CR(fear)nvicariousconditioning-associationthatderivesfromhearingorseeingother'sreactionsUCS(snakebite)UCR(fear)CS(sightofsnake)CR(fear)nPost-traumaticstressdisordernpersonexperiencesveryfrighteninge

4、ventnlateranythingthatresembleseventcausesfearreactionUCSUCR(fear)CSCR(fear)nStimulusgeneralization:stimulisimilartoCSmayalsotriggeraCRnbutCRgetsweakertostimulithatarelessandlesssimilartooriginalCSnconditionedresponsesovertimenrepeatedpairingsofaCSandUCSstrengthentheCRnrepeatednonpa

5、irings(CSwithoutUCS)graduallyweakentheCRnsohowshouldonetreatdisorderslikephobiasandPTSD?nspontaneousrecovery:nwhatarethetreatmentimplicationsofspont.recovery?nclassicalconditioningisselectivenpreparednesstheory:humansarepredisposedtodevelopsomephobiasandnotothersnwhy?nconditionedtas

6、teaversion(Garciaetal.)npracticalapplicationoftasteaversion:sheepherdersUCSUCRCSCRnOperantConditioning(OC)AKA:instrumentalcond.,Skinneriancond.noperantconditioning=aformoflearninginwhichbehaviorscometobecontrolledbytheirconsequencesnOCandCCaredifferentnCC:behaviorcontrolledbystimulu

7、s(orevent)thatprecedesitnOC:behaviorcontrolledbystimulus(orevent)thatfollowsitnEdwardThordike'sdissertationquestion:ndidanimalslearnby"aflashofinsight“?---or---ndidanimalslearnby“trialanderror”?nlawofeffect=theconsequences(effects)ofaresponsedeterminewhetherthetendencytoperformitiss

8、trengthenedorweaken