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1、Partthree:TheAgeofRealismandNaturalism(1875-1914)第十五讲：Chapter4:AmericanLiteratureoftheMiddleandlate19thcentury.1.Realismingeneral:Realismcameasareactionagainst“thelie”ofromanticismandsentimentalism.Literaturebegantopaylessattentiontogeneralideasandmoretothei
2、mmediatefactsoflife.Inthebroadestsense,realistliteratureissimplyfidelitytoactualityinitsrepresentationonliterature”.Itisbasedontheaccurate,unromanticizedobservationofhumanexperiences.Itinsistsonprecisedescription,authenticactionanddialogue,moralhonesty,andad
3、emocraticopennessinsubjectmatterandstyle.Asawayofwriting,realismhasbeenappliedinalmosteveryliteraturethroughouthistory.Butasaliterarymovement,realismisaperiodconcept.Itreferstotheapproachofrealistfictionoccurredatthelatterpartofthe19thcentury.Inpart,therisep
4、frealismcameasaprotestagainstthefalsenessandsentimentality(多愁善感，过分的情感)whichtherealiststhoughttheysawinromanticliterature.Theyweredeterminedtocreateanewkindofliteraturethatwascompletelyandtotallyrealistic.Itexpressedtheconcernfortheworldofexperience,ofthecomm
5、onplace,andforthefamiliarandthelow.2.MajorFeatures:1)Familiaraspectsofcontemporarylifeandeverydayscenesarerepresentedinastraightforwardormatter-of-fact（讲究实际的，实事求是的）manner.Itstressestruthfultreatmentofmaterial,withoutabstractinterestinnature,death,etc.2)Chara
6、ctersfromallsociallevelsareexaminedindepth.Beforethistimecharactersservedsomesortofallegorical（比喻的，寓言的）orsymbolicpurpose.Theyvaluetheindividualveryhighly,stressthefunctionofenvironmentinshapingcharacter,andtakecharacterizationasthecenterofthestory.Theyhavegr
7、eatconcernfortheeffectofactiononcharacters,andatendencytoexplorethepsychologyofpeopleinthestory.3)Openendingisalsoagoodexampleofthetruthfultreatmentofmaterial.Itmaybepuzzling,ittellsthereaderthatlifeiscomplexandcannotbefullyunderstood.Openendingleavesmuchroo
8、mforthereadertothinkoverthepossibleconclusionofthestory.4)Realismfocusesoncommonnessofthelivesofthecommonpeoplewhoarecustomarilyignoredbythearts.Realistsareinterestedinthecommonplace,theeveryday
