critical realism,英国文学new

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1、EnglishCriticalRealismSocialBackground(P146-151)SincetheIndustrialRevolutioninthesecondhalfofthe18thcentury,theclassstructureinEnglishsocietyhadundergoneradicalchanges.Theindustrialcapitalistsbegantoplayamoreimportantroleandviedforpoliticalpowerwiththeoldaristoc

2、racy.Englandbecameatypicalcapitalistcountry.Havingconsolidateditspositionsathome,theBritishbourgeoisiestrengtheneditspolicyofcolonialexpansioninallpartsoftheworld,successivelycompetingformarketswithotherpowerfulcountries.In1834therewasthepassageofthePoorLaw.Thei

3、nhumanwork-housewereestablished,inwhichthepoorpeoplehadtodoheavytasksandlivenobetterthanjails.Thegreatmiseryoftheworkersledtoanupsurgeoflabormovementsandtheorganizationoftheworkersintounions.In1836arosetheworking-classmovementsknownasChartism.Duringtheforties,th

4、erevolutionaryeventsontheEuropeancontinentledtoanewstrengtheningoftheEnglishworking-classmovement.ButthelatefortieswitnessedthedeclineofChartismowingtothedefeatoftherevolutionsontheContinentandtheeasingofsocialtensioninEngland.Thecryingsocialcontradictionswerere

5、flectedinthepoetryandproseofthetime.In1844,ThomasHood(1799-1845)wrotethepoem“TheSongoftheShirt”which,throughthemouthofapoorseamstress,voicedthegreatmiseryofthewomen-workers.Andmanyotherpoemsshowedthedeepsympathyfortheworkersandtheirprotestagainsttheexploitationo

6、fmanbyman,thoughthepoetsstillcherishedtheillusionthattheenlightenedmembersoftherulingclassesmightdosomethingtoalleviatethesufferingsofthepooranddown-trodden.EnglishCriticalRealismInthisperiodoftenseclassstruggleappearedanewliterarytrend-criticalrealism.Englishcr

7、iticalrealismofthe19thcenturyflourishedinthefortiesandintheearlyfifties.ThecriticalrealistsdescribedwithmuchvividnessandgreatartisticskillthechieftraitsoftheEnglishsocietyandcriticizedthecapitalistsystemfromademocraticviewpoint.ThegreatestEnglishrealistofthetime

8、wasCharlesDickens.Withstrikingforceandtruthfulness,hecreatespicturesofbourgeoiscivilization,describingthemiseryandsufferingsofthecommonpeople.Anothercriticalrealist,W