The Age of Realism

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1、TheAgeofRealism(TheCivilWar---The1890s)BackgroundsfortheRiseofRealism1.HistoricalandSocialbackgroundsnTheeffectoftheCivilWar:1)Americanindustrialization,thegapbetweentherichandthepoor2)Thecloseofthefrontier,disillusionment,theGildedAge(p117)3)Toquestion

2、thegoodnessofman,natureandGod(p116)2.Intellectualbackground(p117-118)1)ThedeclineoftheageofRomanticismandTranscendentalism2)TheemergenceoftheyoungerwritersWilliamDeanHowells,HenryJames,MarkTwain,thecomingofrealismFeaturesofAmericanRealismnConcernforthec

3、ommonplace,thefamiliarandthelownCreationoftypicalcharacterintypicalsurroundings,pursuitforverisimilitudeofdetailthroughkeenobservationnToofferanobjectiveratherthananidealizedviewofhumannatureandexperienceWilliamDeanHowells(1837–1920)TheChampionofRealism

4、现实主义文学的旗手.LifeExperiencesnOhio(1837);nbecameareporter(1857);nAmericanconsulinVenice(1861-1865);nEditor-in-chiefofTheAtlanticMonthly(1871-1881);nThefirstpresidentoftheAmericanAcademyofArtsandLetters(1909);nDiedinNewYork(1920)TheChampionofRealismuHowellsp

5、layedagreatroleinshapingthepublictasteintothetrackofrealism.Heiscalledthechampionofrealismbyvirtueof1.Hispowerfulcriticalwritings2.Hisgeneroushelptotheyoungerwriters3.Hisliterarypractice1.Hispowerfulcriticalwritings1)Hespreadthecredoofrealisminthesewrit

6、ings.nEightcriticalbooks(评论文集)n1,700bookreviews（文学评论）HisLiteraryTheory1)Fidelitytoexperience忠实于生活nTotalkofsomeordinarytraitsoflifenTointerpretthecommonfeelingsofthecommonpeople2)Probabilityofmotive反映动机nRealismisbynomeansmerephotographicpicturesofexterna

7、lsbutincludesacentralconcern8withmotivesandpsychologicalconflicts.3）Thesupremeformoffiction：Afreeandsimpledesignedplotwhereeverythinggrowsnaturallyoutofcharacterandconditions（让故事情节应顺其自然的发展）4）Thetestofacivilizationwastheprincipleofthegreatesthappinessoft

8、hegreatestnumber.（最大多数人的最大幸福原则）2.HisgenerouspatronagetotheyoungerwritersnTogetthevoiceoftheyoungerandmoreradicalwriterstobeheard.WriterssuchasHamlinGarland,StephenCrane,FrankNorris,HenryJamesandMarkTwainallenjoyedhisfriendlyadvic