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1、AmericanRealism:1865-19101.PoliticalBackgroud:BytheendoftheCivilWar(1861-1865)mostoftheforcesthatwouldtypifytwentith-centuryAmericabegantoemerge.Northernindustrialismhadtriumphedoversouthernagrarianism,andfromthatvictorycameasocietybasedonmasslaborandmassconsumption.Mechaniza
2、tionspreadrapidlyassteamengines,linkedtomachines,displacedhandworkonfarmsandinfactories.Theconditionsoflaborchanged,forthenewmachines,withtheirgreatcostandefficiency,seemedfarmorevaluableandmoreusefulthantheworkerswhotendedthem.Inthecities,swollenwithgrowingnumbersofthepooran
3、dtheunskilled,angryforceswerestirringthatwouldprofoundlyalterthenation’spoliticsanditssocialideas.InthefirstdecadesaftertheCivilWar,Americansceasedtobeisolatedfromtheworldandfromeachother.ThetempooflifeacceleratedasAmericansbecameincreasinglymobile.2.literaryCharacteristicsof
4、theAgeInmostpeople'sminds,theyearsfollowingtheCivilWarsymbolizedatimeofhealingandrebuilding.Forthoseengagedinseriousliterarycircles,however,thatperiodwasfullofupheaval.Aliterarycivilwarragedonbetweenthecampsoftheromanticsandtherealistsandlater,thenaturalists. Peoplewagedverba
5、lbattlesoverthewaysthatfictionalcharacterswerepresentedinrelationtotheirexternalworld.Usingplotandcharacterdevelopment,awriterstatedhisorherphilosophyabouthowmuchcontrolmankindhadoverhisowndestiny.Forexample,romanticwriterssuchasRalphWaldoEmersoncelebratedtheabilityofhumanwil
6、ltotriumphoveradversity.Ontheotherhand,MarkTwain,WilliamDeanHowellsandHenryJameswereinfluencedbytheworksofearlyEuropeanRealists,namelyBalzac'sLaComedieHumaine(beguninthe1830s人间喜剧》展示了法国社会的整个面貌，其社会历史内容可以归纳为：贵族衰亡、资产者发迹、金钱罪恶三大主题);Turgenev'sSportsman'sSketches(1852獵人筆記》（俄语：Записки
7、охотника），俄羅斯作家伊万·谢尔盖耶维奇·屠格涅夫的成名作，共有中短篇小說25篇，是一位俄国中部地区的獵人的隨筆集，作者從民主主義立場上，控訴農奴在農奴制度下的悲慘遭遇，揭露地主的残暴、奢侈。);andFlaubert'sMadameBovary(1856福楼拜代表作长篇小说《包法利夫人》,小说描写的是一位小资产阶级妇女因为不满足平庸的生活而逐渐堕落的过程。主人公爱玛为了追求浪漫和优雅的生活而自甘堕落与人通奸，最终因为负债累累无力偿还而身败名裂，服毒自杀。).TheseAmericanrealistsbelievedthathumanit
8、y'sfreedomofchoicewaslimitedbythepowerofoutsideforces.Atanotherextre
