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《[2012.08.18]On the origin of specie 货币起源》由会员上传分享,免费在线阅读,更多相关内容在教育资源-天天文库。
1、[2012.08.18]Ontheoriginofspecie 货币起源本帖最后由migmig于2012-12-2114:19编辑 Freeexchange自由贸易Ontheoriginofspecie货币的起源Theoriesonwheremoneycomesfromsaysomethingaboutwherethedollarandeurowillgo运用货币起源理论分析美元与欧元将向何处去Aug18th2012
2、fromtheprinteditionMONEYisperhapsthemostbasicbuilding-blockineconomics.
3、 Ithelpsstatescollecttaxestofundpublicgoods. Itallowsproducerstospecialiseandreapgainsfromtrade. Itisclearwhatitdoes,butitsoriginsareamystery. Somearguethatmoneyhasitsrootsinthepowerofthestate. Othersclaimtheoriginofmoneyisapurelyprivatematter:itwouldexistevenifgovernmentsdidnot. T
4、hisdebateislong-runningbutitinformssomeofthemostpressingmonetaryquestionsoftoday.货币也许是经济中最基础的构造单元,它帮助国家收集税收、资助公共产品,允许生产者将贸易专门化并获得所得。很清楚,货币的作用是明显的,但它的起源却是个谜。某些人认为:货币起源于国家权力,而另外一些人则宣称货币纯粹来源于私事,这是因为国家尚未建立之时,货币已然存在。货币起源问题的讨论已经很久了,时至今日也揭示了一些最紧迫的货币问题。Moneyfulfilsthreemainfunctions. First
5、,itmustbeamediumofexchange,easilytradedforgoodsandservices. Second,itmustbeastoreofvalue,sothatitcanbesavedandusedforconsumptioninthefuture. Third,itmustbeaunitofaccount,ausefulmeasuring-stick. Lotsofthingscandothesejobs. Tea,saltandcattlehaveallbeenusedasmoney.InBritain’sprisons,i
6、nmatescurrentlyfavourshower-gelcapsulesorrosarybeads.货币主要有三种用途:首先它是一种交换媒介,使商品和服务的交换变得容易;其次它本身具有收藏价值,可以将来用于收藏和消费。第三它是一种记账单位,一种有用的测定方式,可以完成很多工作。茶叶、盐和牲畜的贸易都使用钱。在英国监狱,囚犯更偏好于沐浴露胶囊和天主教玫瑰念珠。Theuseofmoneystretchesbackmillennia. Electrum,analloyofgoldandsilver,wasusedtomakecoinsinLydia(noww
7、esternTurkey)inaround650BC. ThefirstpapermoneycirculatedinChinainaround1000AD. TheAztecsusedcocoabeansascashuntilthe12thcentury. Thepuzzleishowpeopleagreedwhattouse.货币的使用要回溯到千年以前,公元前650年左右,吕底亚(现在的土耳其西部)用一种金和银合成的琥珀金制作硬币,公元1000年左右,最早的纸币已在中国流通。直到12世纪,阿芝特克人仍用可可豆作为现金。令人疑惑的是人们是怎么同意这样使用货币
8、的?KarlMenger,anAustrianeconomist,setoutoneschoolofthoughtaslongagoas1892*. Inhisversionofevents,themonetisationofaneconomystartswhenagriculturalcommunities农村公社moveawayfrom抛弃subsistencefarming自给自足种植andstarttospecialise. Thisbringsefficiencygainsbutmeansthattradewithothersbecomesnece
9、ssary. Theproblemisthatope