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1、TheOriginofSpeciesbyCharlesDarwinFullTitle:OntheOriginofSpeciesbyMeansofNaturalSelection,orthePreservationofFavouredRacesintheStruggleforLife.CharlesDarwin,M.A.,FellowoftheRoyal,Geological,Linnæan,etc.societies;AuthorofJournalofresearchesduringH.M.S.Beagle'sVoyageroundtheworld.Lo
2、ndon:JohnMurray,AlbemarleStreet,1859PrefaceFIRSTEDITIONOFTHISWORKANHISTORICALSKETCHOFTHEPROGRESSOFOPINIONONTHEORIGINOFSPECIESPREVIOUSLYTOTHEPUBLICATIONOFTHEFIRSTEDITIONOFTHISWORKIWILLheregiveabriefsketchoftheprogressofopinionontheOriginofSpecies.Untilrecentlythegreatmajorityofnat
3、uralistsbelievedthatspecieswereimmutableproductions,andhadbeenseparatelycreated.Thisviewhasbeenablymaintainedbymanyauthors.Somefewnaturalists,ontheotherhand,havebelievedthatspeciesundergomodification,andthattheexistingformsoflifearethedescendantsbytruegenerationofpre-existingform
4、s.Passingoverallusionstothesubjectintheclassicalwriters,*thefirstauthorwhoinmoderntimeshastreateditinascientificspiritwasBuffon.Butashisopinionsfluctuatedgreatlyatdifferentperiods,andashedoesnotenteronthecauses*Aristotle,inhis'PhysicaeAuscultationes'(lib.2,cap.8,s.2),afterremarki
5、ngthatraindoesnotfallinordertomakethecorngrow,anymorethanitfallstospoilthefarmer'scornwhenthreshedoutofdoors,appliesthesameargumenttoorganization:andadds(astranslatedbyMrClairGrece,whofirstpointedoutthepassagetome),'Sowhathindersthedifferentparts[ofthebody]fromhavingthismerelyacc
6、identalrelationinnature?astheteeth,forexample,growbynecessity,thefrontonessharp,adaptedfordividing,andthegrindersflat,andserviceableformasticatingthefood;sincetheywerenotmadeforthesakeofthis,butitwastheresultofaccident.Andinlikemannerastotheotherpartsinwhichthereappearstoexistana
7、daptationtoanend.Wheresoever,therefore,allthingstogether(thatisallthepartsofonewhole)happenedlikeasiftheyweremadeforthesakeofsomething,thesewerepreserved,havingbeenappropriatelyconstitutedbyaninternalspontaneity,andwhatsoeverthingswerenotthusconstituted,perished,andstillperish.or
8、meansofthetransformationofspecies,Ineedn
